Vili Lehdonvirta

University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute

Research Fellow

1 St. Giles

University of Oxford

Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1 3JS

United Kingdom

http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk

SCHOLARLY PAPERS

48

DOWNLOADS
Rank 2,168

SSRN RANKINGS

Top 2,168

in Total Papers Downloads

29,682

TOTAL CITATIONS
Rank 6,739

SSRN RANKINGS

Top 6,739

in Total Papers Citations

217

Scholarly Papers (48)

1.

Game Design as Marketing: How Game Mechanics Create Demand for Virtual Goods

International Journal of Business Science & Applied Management, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 14-29, 2010
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 31 Aug 2009
Juho Hamari and Vili Lehdonvirta
School of Information Science, University of Tampere and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 5,742 (3,045)

Abstract:

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online games, social networking, virtual world, virtual goods, business model, sustainability, captology

2.

Platform Labour and Structured Antagonism: Understanding the Origins of Protest in the Gig Economy

Number of pages: 37 Posted: 19 Apr 2019
Alex Wood, Alex Wood and Vili Lehdonvirta
Oxford Internet Institute and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 2,367 (13,140)
Citation 26

Abstract:

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Employee voice; flexibility; industrial relations; technology; trade unions

3.

Virtual Economics: Applying Economics to the Study of Game Worlds

Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on Future Play (Future Play 2005), Lansing, MI, October 13-15, 2005
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 27 Jun 2010
Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 1,917 (18,454)

Abstract:

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virtual economy, virtual currency, virtual goods, virtual world, MMO, MMORPG

4.

Platform Precarity: Surviving Algorithmic Insecurity in the Gig Economy

Number of pages: 48 Posted: 02 Mar 2021 Last Revised: 09 Sep 2021
Alex Wood, Alex Wood and Vili Lehdonvirta
Oxford Internet Institute and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 1,853 (19,507)
Citation 25

Abstract:

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Algorithms, gig economy, platform, precarious work, insecurity, resistance

5.

Online Labour Index: Measuring the Online Gig Economy for Policy and Research

Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 04 Sep 2018
Otto Kässi and Vili Lehdonvirta
Etla and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 1,743 (21,403)
Citation 41

Abstract:

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online freelancing, online labour markets, online gig economy, measurement, statistics, measurement of vacancies, web data collection

6.

Weaponized interdependence in a bipolar world: How economic forces and security interests shape the global reach of U.S. and Chinese cloud data centres

Number of pages: 35 Posted: 20 Dec 2023 Last Revised: 24 Jan 2025
Vili Lehdonvirta, Boxi Wu and Zoe Hawkins
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford and University of Oxford
Downloads 1,539 (25,843)
Citation 4

Abstract:

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technological dependence, weaponized interdependence, cloud computing, Big Tech, digital infrastructure, tech war, digital sovereignty, data sovereignty

7.

Real-Money Trade of Virtual Assets: New Strategies for Virtual World Operators

VIRTUAL WORLDS, Ipe, Mary, ed., pp. 113-137, Icfai University Press, Hyderabad, India, 2008
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 04 Mar 2009
Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 1,183 (37,976)

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8.

A History of the Digitalization of Consumer Culture: From Amazon Through Pirate Bay to Farmville

In: J. Denegri-Knott and M. Molesworth (eds), Digital Virtual Consumption. New York: Routledge, pp. 11-28. 2012
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 29 Jan 2015
Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 1,182 (38,015)

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9.

Real-Money Trade of Virtual Assets: Ten Different User Perceptions

Proceedings of Digital Arts and Culture (DAC 2005), IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark, pp. 52-58, December 1-3, 2005
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 06 Mar 2009
Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 1,164 (38,904)
Citation 37

Abstract:

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10.

Flexibility in the Gig Economy: Managing Time on Three Online Piecework Platforms

New Technology, Work and Employment, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 37 Posted: 15 Jan 2018
Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 1,097 (42,508)
Citation 5

Abstract:

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Microwork, Flexible Scheduling, Flextime, Non-Standard Work, Crowd Employment, Crowdsourcing, ICTs, Sociomateriality, Labour Process

11.

Workers of the Internet Unite? Online Freelancer Organisation Among Remote Gig Economy Workers in Six Asian and African Countries

Wood A.J, Lehdonvirta V and Graham M (2018) Workers of the Internet unite? Online freelancer organisation among remote gig economy workers in six Asian and African countries. New Technology, Work and Employment 33(2):95-112.
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 31 Jul 2018
Alex Wood, Alex Wood, Vili Lehdonvirta and Mark Graham
Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 995 (48,750)
Citation 4

Abstract:

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freelance, gig economy, collective action, collective organisation, union, Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, digital labour

12.

Virtual Consumption

Turku School of Economics, No. A-11, 2009
Posted: 27 Jun 2010
Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 898 (56,135)
Citation 3

Abstract:

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consumer behaviour, online communities, cross-cultural study, electronic commerce, dematerialisation of consumption, ethics of consumption

13.

Virtual Item Sales as a Revenue Model: Identifying Attributes that Drive Purchase Decisions

Electronic Commerce Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 97-113, 2009
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 02 Mar 2009 Last Revised: 25 Jun 2010
Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 807 (64,926)
Citation 3

Abstract:

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consumer behavior, online communities, business model, purchase drivers, virtual consumption, RMT

14.

How Many Online Workers are There in the World? A Data-Driven Assessment

Number of pages: 16 Posted: 24 Mar 2021 Last Revised: 19 Apr 2021
Otto Kässi, Vili Lehdonvirta and Fabian Stephany
Etla, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 605 (94,199)

Abstract:

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Gig Work, Online Labour Markets, Platform Economy

15.

Mine the Gap: Bitcoin and the Maintenance of Trustlessness

New Media & Society, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 28 Posted: 16 Aug 2018
Gili Vidan and Vili Lehdonvirta
Harvard University - Department of the History of Science and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 566 (102,511)
Citation 3

Abstract:

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Algorithmic Regulation, Bitcoin, Cryptocurrency, Critical Code Studies, Distributed Ledger Technology, Peer Production, Blockchain

16.

Taxing Earnings from the Platform Economy: An EU Digital Single Window for Income Data?

British Tax Review, 2020
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 21 May 2020
Daisy Ogembo and Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Faculty of Law and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 531 (110,967)
Citation 1

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17.

Virtual Consumerism: Case Habbo Hotel

Information, Communication & Society, Vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 1059-1079, 2009
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 27 Jun 2010
Vili Lehdonvirta, Terhi-Anna Wilska and Mikael Johnson
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, University of Turku - Turku School of Economics and Helsinki Institute for Information Technology
Downloads 383 (163,189)
Citation 1

Abstract:

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virtual property, consumer behaviour, commodification, global culture industry, massively-multiplayer online game (MMO), real-money trading (RMT)

18.

Antagonism Beyond Employment: How the ‘Subordinated Agency’ of Labour Platforms Generates Conflict in the Remote Gig Economy

Socio-Economic Review, 2021
Number of pages: 44 Posted: 19 Apr 2021
Alex Wood, Alex Wood and Vili Lehdonvirta
Oxford Internet Institute and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 320 (198,385)
Citation 6

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ICTs and the Urban-Rural Divide: Can Online Labour Platforms Bridge the Gap?

Number of pages: 21 Posted: 27 Nov 2018 Last Revised: 10 Oct 2019
Fabian Braesemann, Vili Lehdonvirta and Otto Kässi
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and Etla
Downloads 188 (335,048)
Citation 1

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Platform Economy, Online Labour Markets, Internet Effects on Regional Development, Rural Employment, Urban-Rural Divide, Labour Mobility, Spatial Inequality

ICTs and the Urban-Rural Divide: Can Online Labour Platforms Bridge the Gap?

Information, Communication and Society, 2020
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 14 May 2020
Fabian Braesemann, Vili Lehdonvirta and Otto Kässi
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and Etla
Downloads 128 (465,430)
Citation 4

Abstract:

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Information and Communication Technology, Platform Economy, Online Labor Platforms, Urban-Rural Divide, Spatial Inequality, Regional Development

20.

Do Digital Skill Certificates Help New Workers Enter the Market? Evidence from an Online Labour Platform

CESifo Working Paper No. 7810
Number of pages: 36 Posted: 14 Oct 2019
Otto Kässi and Vili Lehdonvirta
Etla and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 314 (202,439)
Citation 2

Abstract:

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signaling, human capital, skill validation, skill certificates, micro-credentials, online freelancing, platforms, gig economy, computer-based assessment

21.

The Polarisation of Remote Work

Number of pages: 78 Posted: 11 Oct 2021
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, University of Copenhagen - Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science, Etla, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 304 (209,685)
Citation 6

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Remote work, Online labour, Platform economy, Geography, Polarisation

22.

Who does “Big Tech” stand for? Conflict between shareholders and executives over the direction of technological change

Number of pages: 37 Posted: 20 Sep 2023 Last Revised: 19 Jan 2024
Vili Lehdonvirta and Rachel Ricucci
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 291 (219,494)

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23.

Can Labour Market Digitalization Increase Social Mobility? Evidence from a European Survey of Online Platform Workers

Number of pages: 21 Posted: 21 Jun 2021
Nicholas Martindale and Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Nuffield College and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 249 (257,289)

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24.

Virtual Production Networks: Fixing Commodification and Disembeddedness

Number of pages: 39 Posted: 18 Jun 2021
Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, University of Pretoria - Gordon Institute of Business Science and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 245 (261,425)
Citation 6

Abstract:

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digital labor, embeddedness, gig economy, global production networks, online platforms

New Digital Safety Net or Just More ‘Friendfunding’? Institutional Analysis of Medical Crowdfunding in the United States

Number of pages: 27 Posted: 14 Apr 2020
Sumin Lee and Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 180 (348,711)
Citation 1

Abstract:

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medical crowdfunding, charitable crowdfunding, donation crowdfunding, institutions, safety net

New Digital Safety Net or Just More ‘Friendfunding’? Institutional Analysis of Medical Crowdfunding in the United States

Information, Communication, and Society (Forthcoming)
Number of pages: 51 Posted: 23 Jan 2021
Sumin Lee and Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 64 (733,783)

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26.

Good Gig, Bad Gig: Autonomy and Algorithmic Control in the Global Gig Economy

Wood AJ, Graham M, Lehdonvirta V, Hjorth I (2018) Good gig, bad gig: autonomy and algorithmic control in the global gig economy. Work, Employment and Society 0(0): 1-20.
Number of pages: 33 Posted: 16 Aug 2018
Alex Wood, Alex Wood, Mark Graham, Vili Lehdonvirta and Isis Hjorth
Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 228 (280,270)
Citation 23

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27.

The Future(s) of Unpaid Work: How Susceptible Do Experts From Different Backgrounds Think the Domestic Sphere Is to Automation

Number of pages: 31 Posted: 30 Jan 2022 Last Revised: 05 Jan 2023
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford - Department of Sociology, University of Oxford - Department of Sociology, Ochanomizu University and Ochanomizu University
Downloads 226 (282,711)

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artificial intelligence, automation, qualitative forecasting, domestic work, gender

The Future of Unpaid Work: Estimating the Effects of Automation on Time Spent on Housework and Care Work in Japan and the UK

Number of pages: 28 Posted: 16 Feb 2022 Last Revised: 22 Feb 2022
University of Oxford - Department of Sociology, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Nihon University, Ochanomizu University and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 152 (404,515)

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unpaid work, automation, labour supply, gender equality, time use

The Future of Unpaid Work: Estimating the Effects of Automation on Time Spent on Housework and Care Work in Japan and the UK

Number of pages: 30 Posted: 31 Mar 2022 Last Revised: 04 May 2023
University of Oxford - Department of Sociology, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Ochanomizu University and Nihon University
Downloads 61 (752,098)
Citation 1

Abstract:

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unpaid work, Automation, labour supply, gender equality, time use

29.

Online Labour Index 2020: New ways to measure the world’s remote freelancing market

Stephany, F., Kässi, O., Rani, U., & Lehdonvirta, V. (2021). Online Labour Index 2020: New ways to measure the world’s remote freelancing market. Big Data & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211043240
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 24 May 2021 Last Revised: 21 Sep 2021
Fabian Stephany, Otto Kässi, Uma Rani and Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, Etla, International Labour Organization (ILO) and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 209 (304,539)
Citation 7

Abstract:

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Online Labour Markets, Gig Work, Platform Economy, Online Data Collection

30.

Dynamics of Contention in the Gig Economy: Rage Against the Platform, Customer, or State?

New Technology, Work & Employment, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 26 Oct 2021
Alex Wood, Nicholas Martindale and Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Bristol - Department of Management, University of Oxford - Nuffield College and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 208 (305,959)

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Gig economy, consumer, state

31.

UbiPay: Minimizing Transaction Costs with Smart Mobile Payments

Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mobile Technology, Application & Systems (Mobility 2009), Nice, France, September 2-4
Number of pages: 7 Posted: 21 Jan 2015
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, Waseda University, Waseda University, Waseda University, Waseda University and Waseda University
Downloads 199 (318,849)

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Computers and Society, Information Interfaces and Presentation

32.

Platforms Disrupting Reputation: Precarity and Recognition Struggles In The Remote Gig Economy

Sociology, 2022
Number of pages: 31 Posted: 27 Sep 2022
Alex Wood, Alex Wood and Vili Lehdonvirta
Oxford Internet Institute and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 189 (334,381)
Citation 5

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Algorithms, embeddedness, gig economy, insecurity, platform, precarious work, resistance

33.

The Stoic Male: How Avatar Gender Affects Help-Seeking Behavior in an Online Game

Games and Culture, 7(1) 29-47, 2012
Number of pages: 19 Posted: 28 Jan 2015
University of Tokyo, University of Tokyo, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and University of Tokyo
Downloads 156 (395,715)

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prosocial behavior, gender, online games, avatars, anonymity, identity, online therapy

34.

Virtuality in the Sphere of Economics

Grimshaw, M. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Virtuality, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Chapter 31, 2013
Number of pages: 13 Posted: 23 Nov 2014
Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 115 (503,595)

Abstract:

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online games, virtual goods, virtual currency, economic crisis, value, subjectivity

35.

A New Frontier in Digital Content Policy: Case Studies in the Regulation of Virtual Goods and Artificial Scarcity

Policy & Internet, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 7-29 (2010)
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 05 Oct 2014
Vili Lehdonvirta and Perttu Virtanen
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and Helsinki Institute for Information Technology
Downloads 115 (503,595)

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virtual property, copyright, ownership, secondary markets, online games, social network services, virtual worlds

36.

Applying Pervasive Technologies to Create Economic Incentives that Alter Consumer Behavior

Proceedings of Ubicomp 2009, Orlando, Florida, September 30-October 3. New York: ACM, pp. 175-184
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 21 Jan 2015
Waseda University, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, Waseda University, Waseda University, Waseda University and Waseda University
Downloads 102 (549,880)

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Persuasive technology, economic incentives, mobile payment, micropayments, activity-based micro-pricing, virtual currency

37.

Social Media, Web, and Panel Surveys: Using Non-Probability Samples in Social and Policy Research

Policy & Internet, Forthcoming
Number of pages: 27 Posted: 30 Apr 2020
Vili Lehdonvirta, Atte Oksanen, Pekka Räsänen and Grant Blank
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, Tampere University - Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Turku and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 99 (561,366)
Citation 1

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38.

European Union Data Protection Directive: Adequacy of Data Protection in Singapore

Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, pp. 511-546, 2004
Number of pages: 36 Posted: 28 Dec 2006
Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 94 (580,474)
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39.

Pink and Blue Pixel$: Gender and Economic Disparity in Two Massive Online Games

The Information Society, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 243-255, 2014
Number of pages: 42 Posted: 22 Nov 2014
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, Michigan State University, Brock University and University of Southern California - Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
Downloads 89 (600,364)
Citation 1

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Virtual economy, playbor, prosumer work, online community, online games, digital divide, gender gap, occupational segregation, avatars, MMO

40.

Identification with Online and Offline Communities: Understanding ICT Disparities in Finland

Technology in Society, vol. 33, no. 1-2, pp. 4-11, 2011
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 28 Jan 2015
Matti Nasi, Pekka Räsänen and Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Turku, University of Turku and University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute
Downloads 88 (604,598)

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Internet , Age groups, Online communities , Identification experiences, Survey

41.

Prosocial Behaviour in Avatar-Mediated Interaction: The Influence of Character Gender on Material Versus Emotional Help-Giving

On the Horizon, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 165-173, 2011
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 28 Jan 2015
Mika Lehdonvirta, Vili Lehdonvirta and Akira Baba
University of Tokyo, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and University of Tokyo
Downloads 78 (648,638)

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Gender, Behaviour, Social interaction, Social networking sites

42.

Using Individual, Social and Economic Persuasion Techniques to Reduce CO2 Emissions in a Family Setting

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Persuasive Technology (Persuasive 2009), Claremont, California, April 26-29
Number of pages: 8 Posted: 21 Jan 2015
Waseda University, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, Waseda University, Waseda University, Waseda University and Waseda University
Downloads 78 (648,638)

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User/Machine Systems, Social and Behavioral Science, Design

43.

Reflecting Human Behavior to Motivate Desirable Lifestyle

Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems, February 2008
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 17 Jan 2015
Waseda University, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, Waseda University and Waseda University
Downloads 75 (662,760)

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Interaction design, Ambient feedback, Persuasive technology, Behavior modification, Intelligent smart objects, Emotional engagement

44.

A Crowdsourcing Based Mobile Image Translation and Knowledge Sharing Service

Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia (MUM 2010), Limassol, Cyprus, December 2010
Number of pages: 9 Posted: 28 Jan 2015
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, Waseda University, Eindhoven University of Technology (TUE), Waseda University, Waseda University and Waseda University
Downloads 72 (677,598)

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Crowdsourcing, mobile image translation, image-text recog- nition, human computation, knowledge sharing

45.

Situated Crowdsourcing Using a Market Model

Proceedings The ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, Hawaii, US, October 2014
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 28 Jan 2015
University of Oulu, University of Oulu, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oulu and University of Oulu
Downloads 69 (693,164)

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Crowdsourcing, virtual currency, market, situated technologies

46.

UbiPay: Conducting Everyday Payments with Minimum User Involvement

CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Florence, Italy, April 5-10. New York: ACM, pp. 3537-3542, 2008
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 17 Jan 2015
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute, Waseda University, Waseda University, Waseda University and Waseda University
Downloads 64 (720,512)

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Electronic payment, mobile devices, transaction costs

47.

Collecting Conversations: Three Approaches to Obtaining User-to-User Communications Data from Virtual Environments

Journal of Virtual Worlds Research, vol. 3, no. 3, 2011
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 28 Jan 2015
Mika Lehdonvirta, Vili Lehdonvirta and Akira Baba
University of Tokyo, University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute and University of Tokyo
Downloads 61 (737,814)

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chat log, content analysis, lurking, methodology, online game, research ethics

48.

Virtual Worlds Don't Exist: Questioning the Dichotomous Approach in MMO Studies

Game Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2010
Posted: 27 Jun 2010
Vili Lehdonvirta
University of Oxford - Oxford Internet Institute

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reseach design, methodology, online games, magic circle, social world perspective, virtual space, identity