University of Notre Dame, affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, University of Notre Dame, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, University of Notre Dame, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Georgetown University - Public Policy Institute (GPPI), affiliation not provided to SSRN, affiliation not provided to SSRN, Georgetown University, Open Markets Institute, University of Pennsylvania - Operations & Information Management Department, University of Notre Dame, New York University (NYU) - Leonard N. Stern School of Business, University of Notre Dame and Syracuse University - Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs