King’s College London - Department of Women and Children’s Health, Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), King’s College London - Department of Women and Children’s Health, University of British Columbia (UBC) - Department of Pediatrics, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine - Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, University of Oxford - Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, Aga Khan University, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine - Medical Research Council Unit The Gambia, Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), King’s College London - Department of Women and Children’s Health, Aga Khan University, Zuri Nzilani Foundation, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine - Medical Research Council Unit: The Gambia, Aga Khan University - Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, University of British Columbia (UBC), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine - Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine - Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, King’s College London, King’s College London - Department of Women and Children’s Health and Independent

Baylor College of Medicine, Departments of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust - Fetal Medicine Unit, University of Washington - School of Public Health and affiliation not provided to SSRN