Ashley Deeks

University of Virginia School of Law

580 Massie Road

Charlottesville, VA 22903

United States

SCHOLARLY PAPERS

42

DOWNLOADS
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SSRN RANKINGS

Top 3,199

in Total Papers Downloads

23,118

TOTAL CITATIONS
Rank 25,303

SSRN RANKINGS

Top 25,303

in Total Papers Citations

31

Scholarly Papers (42)

1.

'Unwilling or Unable': Toward an Normative Framework for Extra-Territorial Self-Defense

Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 52, No. 3, p. 483, 2012
Number of pages: 69 Posted: 12 Dec 2011 Last Revised: 03 Apr 2012
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 5,764 (3,114)
Citation 5

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unwilling, unable, self-defense, non-state actor, necessity, use of force

2.

The Judicial Demand for Explainable Artificial Intelligence

119 Colum. L. Rev. __ (2019 Forthcoming), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2019-51
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 21 Aug 2019 Last Revised: 02 Feb 2020
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 2,319 (13,913)
Citation 11

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artificial intelligence, machine learning, predictive algorithms, common law, criminal justice, administrative law

3.

An International Legal Framework for Surveillance

Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 55, p. 291, 2015, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper Series 2014-53
Number of pages: 79 Posted: 05 Sep 2014 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 2,221 (14,896)

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electronic surveillance, international law, foreign surveillance, Edward Snowden, espionage, spying, right to privacy

4.

Taming the Doctrine of Preemption

Book chapter, in The Oxford Handbook on the Use of Force (Marc Weller ed., 2015), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2013-40
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 09 Oct 2013 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 967 (51,974)

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5.

The NATO Intervention in Libya (2011)

International Law and the Use of Force: A Case-Based Approach, Olivier Corten and Tom Ruys, eds, Oxford University Press, Forthcoming , Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2017-23
Number of pages: 14 Posted: 10 May 2017 Last Revised: 08 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 865 (60,552)
Citation 1

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6.

Predicting Enemies

Ashley Deeks, Predicting Enemies, 104 VA. L. REV. __ (2018, Forthcoming). , Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2018-21
Number of pages: 65 Posted: 29 Mar 2018 Last Revised: 02 Feb 2020
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 799 (67,444)

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machine learning, artificial intelligence, predictive algorithm, criminal justice, international law, military, targeting

7.

Machine Learning, Artificial Intelligence, and the Use of Force by States

10 Journal of National Security Law & Policy (2019, Forthcoming), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2018-63
Number of pages: 26 Posted: 16 Nov 2018 Last Revised: 02 Feb 2020
Ashley Deeks, Noam Lubell and Daragh Murray
University of Virginia School of Law, University of Essex - School of Law and University of Essex School of Law & Human Rights Centre
Downloads 721 (77,202)

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machine learning, artificial intelligence, united nations charter, self-defense, use of force, cyber, international law, military, proportionality

8.

The Geography of Cyber Conflict: Through a Glass Darkly

International Law Studies, Vol. 89, p. 1, 2013, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2013-10, The Geography of Armed Conflict, Newport, RI: Naval War College (Michael Schmitt ed., 2013)
Number of pages: 22 Posted: 15 Mar 2013 Last Revised: 08 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 692 (81,331)

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jus ad bellum, jus in bello, cyber

9.

Confronting and Adapting: Intelligence Agencies and International Law

Virginia Law Review, Vol. 102, p. 599, 2016, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2016-31
Number of pages: 89 Posted: 25 Apr 2016 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 652 (87,780)
Citation 1

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intelligence, international law, spying, covert action, surveillance, foreign relations, human rights, drones, United States

10.

High-Tech International Law

Forthcoming, 88 Geo. Wash. L. Rev. __ (2020), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2020-10
Number of pages: 53 Posted: 05 Feb 2020
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 571 (103,990)
Citation 1

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artificial intelligence, machine learning, predictive algorithms, computational text analysis, international law, adjudication, treaty, negotiation, customary international law

11.

Consent to the Use of Force and International Law Supremacy

Harvard International Law Journal, Vol. 54, No. 1, 2013, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2013-14
Number of pages: 61 Posted: 06 Mar 2013 Last Revised: 13 May 2013
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 559 (106,747)

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use of force, international law

12.

Intelligence Communities and International Law: A Comparative Approach

Comparative International Law (A. Roberts et al. eds, 2017 Forthcoming), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 1
Number of pages: 20 Posted: 09 Dec 2015 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 505 (121,048)

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electronic surveillance, international law, foreign surveillance, espionage, spying, covert action, human rights

13.

The Observer Effect: National Security Litigation, Executive Policy Changes, and Judicial Deference

Fordham L. Rev., Vol. 82, p. 828, 2013, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2013-41
Number of pages: 73 Posted: 11 Oct 2013 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 438 (143,576)
Citation 1

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National security, Judicial deference, Executive branch, Terrorism, September 11

14.

Domestic Humanitarian Law: Developing the Law of War in Domestic Courts

Applying International Humanitarian Law in Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies: International and Domestic Aspects (D. Jinks et al. eds., 2014), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2013-39
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 09 Oct 2013 Last Revised: 08 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 412 (154,142)

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International law, International humanitarian law, Domestic humanitarian law, Extra-territorial armed conflict, Treaties

15.

Coding the Law of Armed Conflict: First Steps

Ashley Deeks, Coding the Law of Armed Conflict: First Steps, in THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT IN 2040 (Oxford University Press: New York, Matthew C. Waxman ed., 2020 Forthcoming), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2020-49
Number of pages: 16 Posted: 28 May 2020
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 404 (157,539)
Citation 1

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artificial intelligence, machine learning, predictive algorithms, international law, law of armed conflict, NATO, targeting

16.

The Obama Administration, International Law, and Executive Minimalism

American Journal of International Law, Vol. 110, p. 646, 2016, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2016-65
Number of pages: 17 Posted: 21 Dec 2016 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 349 (185,460)

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17.

Tax Law as Foreign Policy

Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2021-50, Virginia Law and Economics Research Paper No. 2021-25
Number of pages: 66 Posted: 20 Oct 2021
Ashley Deeks and Andrew T. Hayashi
University of Virginia School of Law and University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 325 (200,274)

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international tax, national security, foreign policy, international law

18.

Frictionless Government and Foreign Relations

110 Virginia Law Review 1815 (2024), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2024-17
Number of pages: 85 Posted: 15 Feb 2024 Last Revised: 12 Dec 2024
Kristen Eichensehr and Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law and University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 312 (209,270)

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Separation of powers, checks and balances, foreign relations, national security, China, Russia, semiconductors, sanctions, civil rights, Constitution, administrative law

19.

Defend Forward and Cyber Countermeasures

Ashley Deeks, Defend Forward and Cyber Countermeasures, Hoover Working Group on National Security, Technology, and Law, Aegis Series Paper No. 2004 (August 4, 2020), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2020-59
Number of pages: 21 Posted: 10 Aug 2020
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 308 (212,274)

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countermeasures, “international law”, “Defend Forward”, “lex specialis”, cyber, non-intervention

20.

Large Language Models and International Law

Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2025-14, Chi. J. Int’l L. (forthcoming 2025)
Number of pages: 25 Posted: 10 Feb 2025 Last Revised: 13 Feb 2025
Ashley Deeks and Duncan B. Hollis
University of Virginia School of Law and Temple University - James E. Beasley School of Law
Downloads 273 (240,944)

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large language model, customary international law, treaty, artificial intelligence, human rights, data sets, interpretation

21.

National Security AI and the Hurdles to International Regulation

The Digital Social Contract: A Lawfare Paper Series (2023), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2023-28
Number of pages: 41 Posted: 03 Apr 2023
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 262 (251,098)

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national security, artificial intelligence, cyber, nuclear, international law, international norms

22.

Secret Reason-Giving

Yale Law Journal, 129, 2020, Forthcoming, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2019-53
Number of pages: 78 Posted: 17 Sep 2019 Last Revised: 02 Feb 2020
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 258 (255,072)
Citation 1

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secret, reason-giving, accountability, executive branch, president, checks and balances

23.

Statutory International Law

Forthcoming, Va. J. Int’l L., Vol. 57, 2017, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2017-24
Number of pages: 60 Posted: 17 May 2017 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 248 (265,399)

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24.

Introduction to the Symposium: How Will Artificial Intelligence Affect International Law?

114 AJIL Unbound 138 (2020), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2020-38
Number of pages: 4 Posted: 29 Apr 2020
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 245 (268,602)
Citation 1

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international law, artificial intelligence, machine learning, NATO, self-driving cars, human rights, treaty

25.

Multi-Part Tests in the Jus Ad Bellum

Houston Law Review, Vol. 53, p. 1035, 2016, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2016-30
Number of pages: 30 Posted: 02 Apr 2016 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 243 (270,791)

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Jus ad bellum, Use of force, Multi-part tests, Defense of nationals, Cyber, Anticipatory self-defense, Humanitarian intervention, Unwilling or unable

26.

Checks and Balances from Abroad

University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 83, p. 65, 2016, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 38
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 31 Jul 2015 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 223 (294,407)
Citation 1

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checks and balances, surveillance, foreign affairs, presidential power

27.

A (Qualified) Defense of Secret Agreements

Ariz. St. L.J., Vol. 49, p. 713, 2017, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2017-41
Number of pages: 83 Posted: 04 Aug 2017 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 220 (298,251)

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international agreement; treaty; secrecy; U.N. Charter; executive power; compliance

28.

Federalism and the New National Security

Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2025-16, 139 Harv. L. Rev. __ (Forthcoming 2025)
Number of pages: 50 Posted: 26 Feb 2025 Last Revised: 03 Mar 2025
Ashley Deeks and Kristen Eichensehr
University of Virginia School of Law and University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 215 (304,891)

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federalism, preemption, foreign relations, foreign affairs, national security, president, states

29.

Tax Sanctions and the Russia-Ukraine Conflict

Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2023-21, Virginia Law and Economics Research Paper No. 2023-07
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 03 Mar 2023
Andrew T. Hayashi and Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law and University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 209 (313,165)

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economic sanctions, tax policy, Ukraine, Russia

30.

Intelligence Communities, Peer Constraints, and the Law

Harv. Nat’l Security J., Vol. 7, p. 1, 2016, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 16
Number of pages: 55 Posted: 08 Feb 2016 Last Revised: 10 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 181 (357,696)
Citation 2

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31.

Secrecy Surrogates

106 Virginia Law Review, Forthcoming, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2020-62
Number of pages: 56 Posted: 27 Aug 2020
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 166 (386,020)

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: secrecy, executive branch, checks and balances, national security, cybersecurity, election interference, counterterrorism, congress, leaks, technology companies

32.

Will Cyber Autonomy Undercut Democratic Accountability?

“Will Cyber Autonomy Undercut Democratic Accountability?,” 96 Int’l L. Stud. 464 (2020), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2020-75
Number of pages: 43 Posted: 29 Oct 2020
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 144 (434,838)

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cyber, autonomy, executive branch, Congress, legislature, parliament, democratic accountability, war powers, international law

33.

Iraq's Constitution: A Drafting History

Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 40, p. 1, 2007
Number of pages: 89 Posted: 12 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks and Matthew Burton
University of Virginia School of Law and Government of the United States of America - Department of State
Downloads 137 (452,531)

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34.

Facebook Unbound?

Virginia Law Review, Vol. 105, 2019, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2019-08
Number of pages: 18 Posted: 26 Feb 2019
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 133 (463,522)

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Facebook, national security, technology, executive branch, checks and balances

35.

Administrative Detention in Armed Conflict

Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 40, p. 403, 2009
Number of pages: 35 Posted: 12 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 126 (483,904)
Citation 5

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36.

Book Review of ‘National Security and Double Government’

Am. J. Int’l L., Vol 109, p.900, 2016
Number of pages: 5 Posted: 12 Nov 2017
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 123 (493,089)

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37.

The International Legal Dynamics of Encryption

Hoover Instit. Paper No. 1609 (2016)
Number of pages: 28 Posted: 01 May 2020
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 112 (529,499)

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encryption, human rights, law enforcement, intelligence, export control, freedom of expression, treaty, National Security Agency

38.

(Sub-)Delegating National Security Powers

172 U. Pa. L. Rev. 2053 (2024) , Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2024-30
Number of pages: 29 Posted: 19 Mar 2024
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 103 (563,410)

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national security, delegation, President, Congress, cyber, targeted killing, use of force

39.

The Syndicated Loan for Ukraine: A Model for Future Crisis Collaboration

Virginia Law and Economics Research Paper No. 2025-01, Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2025-01
Number of pages: 24 Posted: 07 Jan 2025 Last Revised: 12 Feb 2025
Ashley Deeks, Mitu Gulati and Paul B. Stephan
University of Virginia School of Law, University of Virginia School of Law and University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 86 (632,901)

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40.

Delegating War Initiation to Machines

Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2024-60, 78 Australian Journal of International Affairs 148 (forthcoming 2024)
Number of pages: 10 Posted: 11 Sep 2024
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 79 (670,245)

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delegation, artificial intelligence (AI), autonomy, use of force, Congress, President, nuclear, Office of Legal Counsel

41.

Sleeping Dogs: The Restatement (Fourth) and International Humanitarian Law

The Restatement and Beyond – The Past, Present, and Future of U.S. Foreign Relations Law (Oxford University Press: New York, Sarah A. Cleveland & Paul B. Stephan eds., 2020 Forthcoming), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2020-14
Number of pages: 23 Posted: 07 Feb 2020
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 77 (675,092)

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international humanitarian law, law of armed conflict, restatement, foreign relations law, war on terror, supreme court, executive branch

42.

The Substance of Secret Agreements and the Role of Government Lawyers

Ashley Deeks, The Substance of Secret Agreements and the Role of Government Lawyers, 111 AJIL Unbound 474 (2018)., Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2018-11
Number of pages: 6 Posted: 21 Feb 2018
Ashley Deeks
University of Virginia School of Law
Downloads 72 (700,912)

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publicity, secrecy, legal compliance, legal violations, international law