A First Principles Approach to Communications' Privacy

Stanford Technology Law Review, 2007

Univ. of San Francisco Law Research Paper No. 2008-04

19 Pages Posted: 13 May 2008 Last revised: 22 Oct 2008

See all articles by Susan Freiwald

Susan Freiwald

University of San Francisco School of Law

Abstract

Under current doctrine, parties to a communication enjoy robust constitutional protection against government surveillance only when they have a reasonable expectation of privacy in those communications. This paper suggests that the surprising dearth of case law applying the reasonable expectations of privacy test to modern electronic communications reflects courts' discomfort with the test's necessarily normative analysis. That discomfort also likely explains courts' use of shortcuts based on Miller v. United States and Smith v. Maryland in those few cases that have considered online surveillance practices. In particular, the government has argued that a broad third party rule deprives electronic mail of Fourth Amendment protection merely because Internet Service Providers (ISPs) may access those e-mails. Similarly, some courts have denied Fourth Amendment protection to information stored on computer systems other than e-mail contents, by over reading Smith to provide a bright line at contents/non-contents. Both analytical shortcuts not only miss the point of the Katz v. United States, which established the reasonable expectations of privacy test, but also dramatically under protect privacy, with pernicious results. This paper articulates a first principles approach to constitutional protection that focuses instead on the reasons electronic surveillance requires significant judicial oversight. In particular, it argues that electronic surveillance that is intrusive, continuous, indiscriminate, and hidden should be subject to the heightened procedural requirements imposed on government wiretappers. Because surveillance of stored e-mail, such as the type at issue in the case of Warshak v. United States, often shares the characteristics of this four factor test, it should be subject to the highest level of constitutional regulation.

Keywords: electronic communication, electronic mail, e-mail. Internet Service Provider, ISP, wiretap, surveillance, intrusive, continuous, indiscriminate, hidden, constitution, constitutional, Fourth Amendment, protection, privacy, Miller v. United States, Simith v. Maryland, Warshak v. United States

Suggested Citation

Freiwald, Susan, A First Principles Approach to Communications' Privacy. Stanford Technology Law Review, 2007, Univ. of San Francisco Law Research Paper No. 2008-04, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1132421

Susan Freiwald (Contact Author)

University of San Francisco School of Law ( email )

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