Asymmetric Information and the Medium of Exchange in Takeovers: Theory and Tests

Abstract

In a model of takeovers under asymmetric information, we identify a separating equilibrium in which the value of the bidder firm is revealed by the mix of cash and securities used as payment for the target. The model predicts that the revealed bidder value is monotonically increasing and convex in the fraction of the total offer that consists of cash. We examine the model restrictions using data from Canada where mixed offers are both relatively frequent and free of the confounding tax-related options characterizing mixed offers in the U.S.. We find that the average announcement-month bidder abnormal return in mixed offers is large and significant. However, maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in both linear and non-linear cross-sectional regressions fail to support the model predictions.

Keywords: Takeovers, method of payment, separating equilibrium, mix cash-stock payment, all-stock payment, all-cash payment, maximum likelihood estimation, bidder announcement returns

JEL Classification: G3, G32, G34