Coconspirators, 'Coventurers,' and the Exception Swallowing the Hearsay Rule

71 Pages Posted: 13 Mar 2009 Last revised: 5 Mar 2010

See all articles by Ben Trachtenberg

Ben Trachtenberg

University of Missouri School of Law

Date Written: October 27, 2009

Abstract

In recent years, prosecutors - sometimes with the blessing of courts - have argued that when proving the existence of a “conspiracy” to justify admission of evidence under the Coconspirator Exception to the Hearsay Rule, they need show only that the declarant and the defendant were “coventurers” with a common purpose, not coconspirators with an illegal purpose. Indeed, government briefs and court decisions specifically disclaim the need to show any wrongful goal whatsoever. This Article contends that such a reading of the Exception is mistaken and undesirable. Conducted for this Article, a survey of thousands of court decisions, including the earliest English and American cases concerning the Exception as well as approximately 2500 federal court opinions discussing the Exception since its federal codification in 1975, makes clear that a “conspiracy” under the Exception must involve wrongful acts. First, courts and commentators have for centuries described the Exception as concerning illegal or illicit conduct. Second, because the drafters of the Federal Rules of Evidence (and analogous state codes) intended to adopt the common law understanding of the Exception when codifying it in Rule 801(d)(2)(E), encroachment beyond the historical boundaries of the Exception violates existing rules of evidence. Third, such revisionism could also violate the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment, which has been interpreted to prohibit admission of “testimonial” hearsay in criminal trials.

To adhere to the historical definition of the Coconspirator Exception to the Hearsay Rule, prosecutors should stop arguing that the conspiracy joined by the declarant and defendant may include purely lawful conduct, and courts encountering such arguments should reject them, lest they find themselves conducting new trials after the rights of convicted defendants find vindication on appeal. Civil litigants should also resist the revisionist interpretation of the Exception, which threatens immense and unnecessary discovery burdens.

Keywords: Evidence, hearsay, coconspirator exception, conspiracy, hearsay exceptions, legal history, American legal history, English legal history, Gewin, Crawford, Confrontation Clause, confrontation, Sixth Amendment

Suggested Citation

Trachtenberg, Ben, Coconspirators, 'Coventurers,' and the Exception Swallowing the Hearsay Rule (October 27, 2009). Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 61, p. 581, 2010, Brooklyn Law School, Legal Studies Paper No. 137, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1358530

Ben Trachtenberg (Contact Author)

University of Missouri School of Law ( email )

Missouri Avenue & Conley Avenue
Columbia, MO MO 65211
United States

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