Pushing Scientists into the Marketplace: Promoting Science Entrepreneurship

Abstract

This comparative study investigating the relationship between the U.S. high-tech sectors and German and Japanese attempts to catch up on developments of newer high-tech sectors is based onthe concept of "science entrepreneurship." This concept, meaning the simultaneous dedication of scientists to academic science and economic profit, is an established tradition in the United States, but is relatively new in Japan and Germany. Germany and Japan are examples of countries at two end of the spectrum: Germany is a leading science nation, but has not encouraged academic scientists to commercialize their discoveries;Japan is a country in which academic science has not been accorded the same policy importance as mastery of more applied technology fields with direct commercial uses. Biotechnology is a scientific field that crosses the boundaries between basic and applied research. In both Japan and Germany, economic competitiveness is primarilythe responsibility of the private sector, and both countries have been successful in accelerating the growth of biotechnology start-ups through aggressive policy action.Catching-up in science entrepreneurship with the U.S. will challenge the political will of both countries. Although Japan lags behind Germany in basic science, its level of reform in national R & D is higher. Policies intended to pressure German or Japanese scientists to perform as their U.S. colleagues do will not necessarily change their experience radically, given the difference in speed and extra effort that is required of U.S. scientists in their competitive environments.Science and science entrepreneurship remain one of the last unquestioned bastions of institutional integrity and excellence for the United States.(CBS)

Keywords: Science entrepreneurship, Academic research, Commercialization, Business intelligence, Technology transfer, Industrial research, Fundamental research, High technology industries, Higher education