What Has Kyoto Wrought? The Real Architecture of International Tradeable Permit Markets

28 Pages Posted: 3 Mar 1999

See all articles by Robert W. Hahn

Robert W. Hahn

Technology Policy Institute; University of Oxford, Smith School

Robert N. Stavins

Harvard University - Harvard Kennedy School (HKS); Resources for the Future; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Date Written: February 1999

Abstract

We investigate a central issue in the climate change debate associated with the Kyoto Protocol: the likely performance of international greenhouse gas trading mechanisms. Virtually all design studies and many projections of the costs of meeting the Kyoto targets have assumed that an international trading program can be established that minimizes the costs of meeting overall goals. This conclusion rests on several simplifying assumptions. We focus on one important issue that has received little, if any, attention: the interaction between an international trading regime and a heterogeneous set of domestic greenhouse policy instruments. This is an important issue because the Protocol explicitly provides for domestic sovereignty regarding instrument choice, and because it is unlikely that most countries will choose tradeable permits as their primary domestic vehicle.

It is true that costs can be minimized if all countries use domestic tradeable permit systems to meet their national targets (allocate permits to private parties) and allow for international trades. But when some countries use non trading approaches such as greenhouse-gas taxes or fixed quantity standards ? which seems likely in the light of previous experience ? cost minimization is hardly assured. In these cases, achieving the potential cost savings of international trading will require some form of project-by-project credit program, such as joint implementation. But theory and experience with such credit programs suggest that they are much less likely to facilitate major cost savings, because of large transactions costs, likely government participation, and absence of a well functioning market. Thus, individual nations' choices of domestic policy instruments to meet the Kyoto targets can limit substantially the cost-saving potential of an international trading program. There is an important trade-off between the degree of domestic sovereignty and the degree of cost effectiveness. Moreover, there is a need to analyze the likely cost-savings from feasible, as opposed to idealized, international policy approaches to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases.

JEL Classification: Q28, Q48, L51

Suggested Citation

Hahn, Robert W. and Stavins, Robert N., What Has Kyoto Wrought? The Real Architecture of International Tradeable Permit Markets (February 1999). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=152250 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.152250

Robert W. Hahn

Technology Policy Institute ( email )

1401 Eye St. NW
Suite 505
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United States

University of Oxford, Smith School ( email )

Oxford
United Kingdom

Robert N. Stavins (Contact Author)

Harvard University - Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) ( email )

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Cambridge, MA 02138
United States
617-495-1820 (Phone)
617-496-3783 (Fax)

Resources for the Future

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National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) ( email )

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