Elusive Equality: The Armenian Genocide and the Failure of Ottoman Legal Reform

15 Pages Posted: 6 May 2010

See all articles by Mark Movsesian

Mark Movsesian

St. John's University School of Law

Date Written: May 5, 2010

Abstract

This essay, prepared for a symposium on legal aspects of the Armenian Genocide, addresses the treatment of the Armenian community in Ottoman law. For most of its history, the Ottoman Empire adhered to classical Islamic law, which viewed Armenians and other Christians as dhimmis – formally protected, but legally subordinate, minority communities. The nineteenth-century Ottoman reform movement known as the Tanzimat granted dhimmis legal equality for the first time. Equality for dhimmis subverted the traditional social hierarchy and sparked a religious backlash, including the Hamidian massacres of 1894-1896, which killed hundreds of thousands of Armenians and other Christians. The Hamidian massacres in turn initiated a cycle of violence that led eventually to genocide. Although the Tanzimat did not itself cause the Armenian Genocide, the failure of legal reform, and the resentment that equality for religious minorities created in Ottoman society, were important contributing factors.

Keywords: Armenian Genocide, Islamic Law, Ottoman Law, Religious Minorities, Tanzimat

JEL Classification: K30

Suggested Citation

Movsesian, Mark, Elusive Equality: The Armenian Genocide and the Failure of Ottoman Legal Reform (May 5, 2010). St. John's Legal Studies Research Paper No. 1600745, Islamic Law and Law of the Muslim World Paper, Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1600745

Mark Movsesian (Contact Author)

St. John's University School of Law ( email )

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