Kwiatkowski: Privacy Protection and Risk Analysis: Losing the Forest in the Telephoto Shots of the Trees

Abstract

Checklists of factors are a helpful feature in assisting courts to determine how to find the proper balance in a variety of situations. Properly used they can help to achieve a certain level of uniformity and predictability, though they do not guarantee it. However, it is also important to recognize that checklists are a way of getting at the right analysis — they are not in and of themselves that analysis. Checklists also create the possibility of becoming encumbered in specifics and therefore losing sight of the overall goal.

The Supreme Court decided two decades ago that the reasonable expectation of privacy standard was a normative standard. That is, it is meant to be a reflection of an entitlement: "the standards of privacy that persons can expect to enjoy in a free and democratic society." In reaching this conclusion, the Court specifically rejected the notion that a reasonable expectation of privacy could be assessed by means of a "risk analysis." They held that "privacy would be inadequately protected if an assessment of the reasonableness of a given expectation of privacy were made to rest on a consideration whether the person concerned had courted the risk of electronic surveillance."

The Court has done much to give structure to the reasonable expectation of privacy analysis since then, formulating factors in Edwards, Tessling, and more recently Patrick. At no time, however, has the Court ever suggested that its fundamental approach has changed: the reasonableness of an expectation of privacy is still to be judged normatively, not against the practical risk of being observed through technological means.

Keywords: privacy protection, risk analysis, Kwiatkowski, electronic surveillance