Naivete, Projection Bias, and Habit Formation in Gym Attendance

53 Pages Posted: 14 Mar 2013

See all articles by Daniel Acland

Daniel Acland

University of California, Berkeley - Goldman School of Public Policy

Matthew Levy

London School of Economics & Political Science (LSE) - Department of Economics

Date Written: March 10, 2013

Abstract

We develop a model capturing habit formation, projection bias, and present bias in an intertemporal-choice setting, and conduct a field experiment to identify its main parameters. We elicit subjects' pre- and post-treatment predictions of post-treatment gym attendance, using a habit-formation intervention based on Charness and Gneezy (2009) as an exogenous shock to treated subjects' gym preferences. Projection-biased subjects, projecting their current habit state onto their future expectations, will, ex-ante, under-estimate any habit-formation effect of our treatment. Naive present-biased subjects in both groups will overestimate their future attendance. Like Charness and Gneezy, we find subjects do form a significant short-run habit, though we find substantial decay caused by the semester break. Subjects appear not to embed this habit formation into their ex-ante predictions. Approximately one-third of subjects formed a habit equivalent to the effect of a $2.60 per-visit subsidy, while their predictions correspond to 90% projection bias over this habit formation. Moreover, subjects greatly over-predict future attendance, which we interpret as evidence of partial naivete with respect to present bias: they appear to expect their future selves to be two-thirds less "present biased" than they currently are.

Suggested Citation

Acland, Daniel and Levy, Matthew, Naivete, Projection Bias, and Habit Formation in Gym Attendance (March 10, 2013). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2233004 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2233004

Daniel Acland (Contact Author)

University of California, Berkeley - Goldman School of Public Policy ( email )

2607 Hearst Avenue
Berkeley, CA 94720-7320
United States

Matthew Levy

London School of Economics & Political Science (LSE) - Department of Economics ( email )

Houghton Street
London WC2A 2AE
United Kingdom

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