The Evolving External Orientation of Manufacturing Industries: Evidence from Four Countries

40 Pages Posted: 21 Jun 2000 Last revised: 6 Mar 2022

See all articles by José Manuel Campa

José Manuel Campa

University of Navarra - Madrid Campus - IESE Business School; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Linda S. Goldberg

Federal Reserve Bank of New York; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Date Written: February 1997

Abstract

Significant changes in the external orientation of manufacturing industries are observed in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, but not in Japan. The observed increases in external orientation are in terms of industry export shares, import penetration, and imported input use in production. United States industries have experienced a particularly dramatic increase in imported input use, accompanied by highly variable patterns of industry net external orientation over the past two decades. Although similar manufacturing industries have strong export orientation in all countries, across countries these same industries have profoundly different patterns of import penetration, imported input use, and net external exposure to exchange rate and trade policy changes

Suggested Citation

Campa, José Manuel and Goldberg, Linda S., The Evolving External Orientation of Manufacturing Industries: Evidence from Four Countries (February 1997). NBER Working Paper No. w5919, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=225700

José Manuel Campa (Contact Author)

University of Navarra - Madrid Campus - IESE Business School ( email )

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Linda S. Goldberg

Federal Reserve Bank of New York ( email )

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National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

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