The Genesis and Evolution of Social Security

36 Pages Posted: 21 Jun 2000 Last revised: 5 Oct 2022

See all articles by Jeffrey A. Miron

Jeffrey A. Miron

Harvard University - Department of Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

David N. Weil

Brown University - Department of Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Date Written: March 1997

Abstract

We examine the creation of Social Security during the Great Depression, and how it has evolved since, asking in particular to what extent the program as it exists today is the same as that created in 1935 and 1939. We find that there has been surprising continuity. Much of the program's growth was built in from its inception. The replacement rate and the ratio of benefits to payrolls are today roughly at the levels designed into the original legislation. Payroll tax rates today are higher than had been planned, in part because of the failure to accumulate a trust fund during the program's early years. The change in the ratio of contributors to beneficiaries which has taken place over the last 60 years was fully anticipated. The most dramatic changes in Social Security's functioning have come not from legislation, but from changes in the environment in which the program operates. Before the Depression, retirement was unlikely and often involuntary. Higher life expectancy, lower labor force participation, and better health have undermined Social Security's original purpose, which was as a form of insurance. We also find that the Depression itself had surprisingly little influence on the design chosen for Social Security.

Suggested Citation

Miron, Jeffrey A. and Weil, David Nathan, The Genesis and Evolution of Social Security (March 1997). NBER Working Paper No. w5949, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=225729

Jeffrey A. Miron (Contact Author)

Harvard University - Department of Economics ( email )

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David Nathan Weil

Brown University - Department of Economics ( email )

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