Why Does the Paper-Bill Spread Predict Real Economic Activity?

68 Pages Posted: 27 Apr 2000 Last revised: 8 Aug 2022

See all articles by Benjamin M. Friedman

Benjamin M. Friedman

Harvard University - Department of Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Kenneth N. Kuttner

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER); Williams College

Date Written: October 1991

Abstract

Evidence based on the past three decades of U.S. experience shows that the difference between the interest rates on commercial paper and Treasury bills has consistently borne a systematic relationship to subsequent fluctuations of nonfinancial economic activity. This interest rate spread typically widens in advance of recessions, and narrows again before recoveries. The relationship remains valid even after allowance for other financial variables that previous researchers have often advanced as potential business cycle predictors. This paper provides support for each of three different explanations for this predictive power of the paper?bill spread. First, changing perceptions of default risk exert a clearly recognizable influence on the spread. This influence is all the more discernable after allowance for effects associated with the changing volume of paper issuance when investors view commercial paper and Treasury bills as imperfect portfolio substitutes -- a key assumption for which the evidence introduced here provides support. Second, again under conditions of imperfect substitutability, a widening paper-bill spread is also a symptom of the contraction in bank lending due to tighter monetary policy. Third, there is also evidence of a further role for independent changes in the behavior of borrowers in the commercial paper market due to their changing cash requirements over the course of the business cycle.

Suggested Citation

Friedman, Benjamin M. and Kuttner, Kenneth N. and Kuttner, Kenneth N., Why Does the Paper-Bill Spread Predict Real Economic Activity? (October 1991). NBER Working Paper No. w3879, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=226726

Benjamin M. Friedman (Contact Author)

Harvard University - Department of Economics ( email )

Littauer Center
Room 127
Cambridge, MA 02138
United States
617-495-4246 (Phone)

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
United States

Kenneth N. Kuttner

Williams College ( email )

326 Schapiro Hall
24 Hopkins Hall Drive
Williamstown, MA 01267
United States
413-597-2300 (Phone)

HOME PAGE: http://econ.williams.edu/people/knk1

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

1050 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02138
United States