Essentials of Constructive Heterodoxy: Financial Markets

Abstract

What stands before all eyes as failed Orthodoxy is ultimately caused by the wrong answer to Mill's Starting Problem. It is now pretty obvious that one cannot put utility maximization, equilibrium, well-behaved production functions, ergodicity or any other physical or psychological or sociological or behavioral assumption into the premises. No way leads from such premises to the explanation of how the actual market economy works. The logical consequence is to discard them. Having first secured a superior formal starting point, the present paper addresses the question of how the various types of financial markets emerge from the elementary monetary circuit.

Keywords: new framework of concepts, structure-centric, Law of Supply and Demand, Profit Law, IOU, complementarity of retained profit and saving, securities, bonds, common stock, mortgages, consumer financing, helicopter money

JEL Classification: B49, B59, E19, G00