The Mobilization of Title IX across Colleges and Universities, 1994-2014

47 Pages Posted: 1 May 2016 Last revised: 25 Mar 2019

See all articles by Celene Reynolds

Celene Reynolds

Yale University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Sociology

Date Written: October 8, 2016

Abstract

Title IX has been widely recognized as a crucial step toward gender equality in America. Yet it remains unclear how the law actually functions, particularly how it has been used in response to gender disparities in higher education. This article provides the first systematic analysis of how Title IX has been mobilized at the postsecondary level. Drawing on new data acquired through seven Freedom of Information Act requests, I analyze all resolved Title IX complaints filed with the Office for Civil Rights against four-year nonprofit colleges and universities from 1994 to 2014 (N=6,654). I find that the mobilization of Title IX has changed both in frequency and in kind during this period. Filings started to rise after 2000 and exploded after 2009, while sexual harassment complaints nearly equaled academic and athletic filings for the first time in 2014. Private, more selective institutions as well as schools located in states with more women serving in state legislatures face a disproportionate number of complaints relative to enrollment, indicating the importance of institutional context to legal mobilization.

Keywords: law, gender, legal mobilization, higher education, Title IX

Suggested Citation

Reynolds, Celene, The Mobilization of Title IX across Colleges and Universities, 1994-2014 (October 8, 2016). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2767797 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2767797

Celene Reynolds (Contact Author)

Yale University, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, Department of Sociology ( email )

493 College Street
New Haven, CT 06520
United States

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