A Taxonomy for Tax Loopholes

Abstract

Democrats, Republicans, media commentators and even academics denounce “tax loopholes.” Speakers may think that they are talking about the same things, but this article demonstrates that people have widely divergent views about what tax loopholes are. Thus, people criticizing loopholes often talk past each other and engage in the tax equivalent of schoolyard name-calling. The response to this problem is not, however, to try to define the concept of “tax loopholes” with precision. Such an endeavor is pointless. Instead, this article provides a taxonomy for translating the rhetoric of “tax loopholes” into meaningful tax policy discourse. This taxonomy posits that any reference to a “tax loophole” should be understood in two dimensions — the tax policy objection and the target of the criticism. Using numerous examples from the popular/political discourse and the academic literature, this article catalogs alternatives on each dimension. Categorizing any purported “tax loophole” using this taxonomy provides a more productive framing of whatever critique is implied by any use of the “loophole” label, thereby enabling the elevation of the quality of the conversation about the individual tax preference. This taxonomy may be particularly useful now, as the debate continues about the consequences of recently-enacted tax reform.

In addition, the taxonomy can be used in the aggregate to provide insight into how groups of people perceive the tax system. As an example, this article applies the taxonomy to media references to tax loopholes (from CNN, Fox, the Wall Street Journal and the New York Times) during the eighteen months preceding the 2016 presidential election, thereby revealing how narratives about tax loopholes varied by media source and ideological perspective.

Keywords: tax, tax law, loopholes, rhetoric, tax policy, tax reform, political discourse

JEL Classification: H2, H20, K34