Constitutional Anomalies or As-Applied Challenges? A Defense of Religious Exemptions

61 Pages Posted: 4 Dec 2017 Last revised: 8 Aug 2018

See all articles by Stephanie H. Barclay

Stephanie H. Barclay

Notre Dame Law School

Mark Rienzi

Catholic University of America - Columbus School of Law

Date Written: November 30, 2017

Abstract

In the wake of Burwell v. Hobby Lobby and now in anticipation of Craig v. Masterpiece Cakeshop, Inc., the notion that religious exemptions are dangerously out of step with norms of Constitutional jurisprudence has taken on a renewed popularity. Critics increasingly claim that religious exemptions, such as those available prior to Employment Division v. Smith and now available under the federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), are a threat to basic fairness, equality, and the rule of law. Under this view, exemptions create an anomalous private right to ignore laws that everyone else must obey, and such a scheme will result in a tidal wave of religious claimants striking down government action. Our Article presents an observation that undermines these central criticisms. Far from being “anomalous” or “out of step” with our constitutional traditions, religious exemptions are just a form of “as-applied” challenges offered as a default remedy elsewhere in constitutional adjudication. Courts regularly provide exemptions from generally applicable laws for other First Amendment protected activity like expressive conduct that mirror the exemptions critics fear in the context of religious exercise. The Article also presents original empirical analysis, including a national survey of all federal RFRA cases since Hobby Lobby, indicating that concerns of critics about religious exemptions have not been borne out as an empirical matter. Our findings suggest that even after Hobby Lobby, cases dealing with religious exemption requests remain much less common than cases dealing with other expressive claims, and are less likely to result in invalidation of government actions. Thus, far from creating anomalous preferential treatment that threatens the rule of law, a religious exemption framework simply offers a similar level of protection courts have long provided for dissenting minority rights housed elsewhere in the First Amendment.

Keywords: Religious Freedom Restoration Act, Religious Exemption, Compelled Speech, Expressive Conduct, Preferential Treatment, Special Privilege, Religious Exercise, Empirical, First Amendment, Masterpiece, Cakeshop, Baker, Cake, Hobby Lobby, Supreme Court, Exemption, Generally Applicable, As-Applied, RFRA

Suggested Citation

Barclay, Stephanie H. and Rienzi, Mark, Constitutional Anomalies or As-Applied Challenges? A Defense of Religious Exemptions (November 30, 2017). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3079777 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3079777

Stephanie H. Barclay (Contact Author)

Notre Dame Law School ( email )

Eck Hall of Law
Notre Dame, IN 46556
United States
574-631-9407 (Phone)

HOME PAGE: http://https://law.nd.edu/directory/stephanie-barclay/

Mark Rienzi

Catholic University of America - Columbus School of Law ( email )

3600 John McCormack Rd., NE
Washington, DC 20064
United States

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