The Effect of Capital Ratios on the Risk, Efficiency and Profitability of Banks: Evidence from OECD Countries

Abstract

Using a sample of 1,992 banks from 39 OECD countries during the 1999–2013 period, we examine whether the imposition of higher capital ratios is effective in reducing risk and improving the efficiency and profitability of banking institutions. We demonstrate that while risk- and non-risk based capital ratios improve bank efficiency and profitability, risk-based capital ratios fail to decrease bank risk. Our results cast doubts on the validity of the weighting methodologies used for calculating risk-based capital ratios and on the efficacy of regulatory monitoring. The ineffectiveness of risk-based capital ratios with regard to bank risk is likely to be exacerbated by the adoption of the new Basel III capital guidelines. While Basel III requires banks to hold higher liquidity ratios along with higher capital ratios, our findings suggest that imposing higher capital ratios may have a negative effect on the efficiency and profitability of highly liquid banks. Our results hold across different subsamples, alternative risk, efficiency, and profitability measures and a battery of estimation techniques.

Keywords: Bank capital, Basel capital, risk, efficiency, profitability, principal component analysis, quantile regressions

JEL Classification: G21, G28, G29