Low-Carbon Investment and Credit Rationing
42 Pages Posted: 11 Feb 2020 Last revised: 20 Sep 2022
Date Written: October 7, 2021
Abstract
This paper offers a novel theoretical approach to analyse the impacts of emission externalities and credit market failures on low-carbon investments. We use a principal-agent model with information asymmetries between borrowing firms and lenders. Firms can choose between an existing carbon-intensive technology and a new low-carbon technology requiring an externally funded initial investment. We find that an emission tax alone is not sufficient to achieve the first-best outcome due to credit rationing if the low-carbon technology is immature and risky. Combining the emission tax with interest subsidies or loan guarantees can eliminate credit rationing. If a carbon price is (politically) not feasible, intervention on the credit market alone can promote low-carbon development. However, such a policy yields a second-best outcome. Our dynamic analysis shows that any intervention on credit markets is finite, as knowledge spillovers reduce the risk of low-carbon technologies. Without such intervention, there are social costs of delay.
Keywords: low-carbon investment, credit rationing, emission tax, information asymmetry, interest rate subsidy, loan guarantee
JEL Classification: G20, H23, H81, Q50
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