Proximate Cause Explained: An Essay in Experimental Jurisprudence

60 Pages Posted: 24 Mar 2020

See all articles by Joshua Knobe

Joshua Knobe

Yale University

Scott J. Shapiro

Yale University - Law School

Date Written: February 26, 2020

Abstract

Among the oldest debates in American jurisprudence concerns the concept of “proximate cause.” According to so-called formalists, the legal concept of “proximate cause” is the same as the ordinary concept of “cause.” The legal question of whether a cause is proximate for the purposes of establishing tort liability, therefore, is an objective matter about the external world determinable by familiar descriptive inquiry. By contrast, legal realists think that issues of proximate causation are disguised normative questions about responsibility. As the realists William Prosser and Robert Keeton put it, “Proximate cause is better called ‘responsible cause’.”

Recent work in cognitive science has afforded us new insights into the way people make causal judgments that were unavailable at the time of the original debate between formalists and realists. We now have access to the results of systematic experimental studies that examine the way people ordinarily think about causation and morality. This work opens up the possibility of a very different approach to understanding the role of causation in the law — one which combines the attractive features of both formalism and realism without accepting their implausible consequences.

In addition to providing a model for interpreting the case law of proximate cause, this paper also exemplifies a new way of doing legal theory — a method we call “experimental jurisprudence.” Experimental jurisprudence is the study of jurisprudential questions using empirical methods. Jurisprudential disputes about proximate cause are especially ripe for empirical analysis because the debate revolves around whether the legal concept of proximate cause is the same as the ordinary concept of causation. Interrogating the ordinary concept of causation, therefore, should shed light on this question.

Keywords: Causation, Proximate Cause, Formalism, Realism, Experimental Jurisprudence, Cognitive Science

Suggested Citation

Knobe, Joshua and Shapiro, Scott J., Proximate Cause Explained: An Essay in Experimental Jurisprudence (February 26, 2020). University of Chicago Law Review, Forthcoming, Yale Law School, Public Law Research Paper Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3544982 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3544982

Joshua Knobe

Yale University

493 College St
New Haven, CT CT 06520
United States

Scott J. Shapiro (Contact Author)

Yale University - Law School ( email )

P.O. Box 208215
New Haven, CT 06520-8215
United States

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