Affordability of Nutritious Diets in Rural India

IFPRI Discussion Paper 1912

54 Pages Posted: 6 Apr 2020

See all articles by Kalyani Raghunathan

Kalyani Raghunathan

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)

Derek Headey

CGIAR - Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division

Anna Herforth

Tufts University - Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy

Date Written: March 11, 2020

Abstract

Malnutrition is endemic in India. In 2015-16 some 38% of preschool children were stunted and 21% were wasted, while more than half of Indian mothers and children were anemic. There are many posited explanations for the high rates of malnutrition in India, but surprisingly few discuss the role of Indian diets, particularly the affordability of nutritious diets given low wages and the significant structural problems facing India’s agricultural sector. This study was undertaken to address knowledge gaps around the affordability of nutritious diets in rural India. To do so we used nationally representative rural price and wage data to estimate the least cost means of satisfying India-specific dietary recommendations, referred to as the Cost of a Recommended Diet (CoRD), and assess the affordability of this diet relative to male and female wages for unskilled laborers. Although we find that dietary costs increased substantially over 2001-2011 for both men and women, rural wage rates increased more rapidly, implying that nutritious diets became substantially more affordable over time. However, in absolute terms nutritious diets in 2011 were still expensive relative to unskilled wages, constituting approximately 50-60% of male and about 70-80% of female daily wages, and were often even higher relative to minimum wages earned from the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA). Since many poor households have significant numbers of dependents and substantial non-food expenditure requirements, it follows that nutritious diets are often highly unaffordable for the rural poor; we estimate that 45-64% of the rural poor cannot afford a nutritious diet that meets India’s national food-based dietary guidelines. Our results point to the need to more closely monitor food prices through a nutritional lens, and to shift India’s existing food policies away from their heavy bias towards cereals. Achieving nutritional security in India requires a much more holistic focus on improving the affordability of the full range of nutritious food groups and ensuring that economic growth results in sustained income growth for the poor.

Keywords: nutrition, rural areas, diet, food prices, malnutrition, children, income

Suggested Citation

Raghunathan, Kalyani and Headey, Derek and Herforth, Anna, Affordability of Nutritious Diets in Rural India (March 11, 2020). IFPRI Discussion Paper 1912, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3552908

Kalyani Raghunathan (Contact Author)

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) ( email )

1201 Eye St, NW,
Washington, DC 20005
United States

Derek Headey

CGIAR - Poverty, Health and Nutrition Division ( email )

Washington, DC 20005
United States

Anna Herforth

Tufts University - Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy ( email )

150 Harrison Avenue
Boston, MA 02111
United States

HOME PAGE: http://ianda.nutrition.tufts.edu/team/anna-herforth-phd

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