Crowdfunding the Front Lines: An Empirical Study of Teacher-Driven School Improvement

Keppler, S. M., Li, J., & Wu, D. (2022). Crowdfunding the Front Lines: An Empirical Study of Teacher-Driven School Improvement. Management Science, 68(12), 8809-8828.

48 Pages Posted: 13 Apr 2020 Last revised: 9 Mar 2023

See all articles by Samantha Keppler

Samantha Keppler

University of Michigan Stephen M. Ross School of Business

Jun Li

University of Michigan, Stephen M. Ross School of Business

Di (Andrew) Wu

University of Michigan, Stephen M. Ross School of Business

Date Written: March 17, 2020

Abstract

The US K--12 public education system has been notoriously hard to improve. Some argue new education technologies (EdTech) can help transform schools for the better. Yet, as large-scale policy reforms have had only limited success, it seems unlikely that small changes due to EdTech could have any measurable impact. In this paper, we study DonorsChoose, a nonprofit that operates a teacher crowdfunding platform. We ask whether DonorsChoose improves educational outcomes, specifically at low-income schools. Combining DonorsChoose data with data on student test scores in Pennsylvania from 2012--2013 to 2017--2018, we find an increase in the number of DonorsChoose projects funded at a school leads to higher student performance, after controlling for selection biases. For a school with zero funded projects, one funded project---of about \$400 in value---translates to between 2 to 9 more students scoring basic and above in all subjects in high school and science and language arts in primary and middle school. We find this effect is driven mostly by low-income schools, indicating funded projects help close the gap in educational outcomes between students at low- versus high-income schools. Based on a textual analysis of 20,000 statements from all funded teachers describing how project resources are used, we find two channels of improvement most effective in the lowest income schools. We demonstrate that although DonorsChoose projects are small, they improve outcomes and reduce inequality because they come directly from frontline workers---teachers---who know most intimately the obstacles their students face and how to help.

Keywords: front-line worker, crowdfunding, service operations, education operations, non-profit operations, quasi-experiment

Suggested Citation

Keppler, Samantha and Li, Jun and Wu, Di, Crowdfunding the Front Lines: An Empirical Study of Teacher-Driven School Improvement (March 17, 2020). Keppler, S. M., Li, J., & Wu, D. (2022). Crowdfunding the Front Lines: An Empirical Study of Teacher-Driven School Improvement. Management Science, 68(12), 8809-8828., Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3556208 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3556208

Samantha Keppler (Contact Author)

University of Michigan Stephen M. Ross School of Business ( email )

701 Tappan St
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1234
United States

Jun Li

University of Michigan, Stephen M. Ross School of Business ( email )

701 Tappan Street
Ann Arbor, MI MI 48109
United States

Di Wu

University of Michigan, Stephen M. Ross School of Business ( email )

701 Tappan Street
Ann Arbor, MI MI 48109
United States

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