The Virus of Fear: The Political Impact of Ebola in the U.S

42 Pages Posted: 30 Mar 2020 Last revised: 29 Jun 2024

See all articles by Filipe Campante

Filipe Campante

Johns Hopkins University; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Emilio Depetris-Chauvin

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile

Ruben Durante

National University Singapore; Barcelona School of Economics; IZA; CESifo (Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute); Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)

Multiple version iconThere are 2 versions of this paper

Date Written: March 2020

Abstract

We study how fear can affect the behavior of voters and politicians by looking at the Ebola scare that hit the U.S. a month before the 2014 midterm elections. Exploiting the timing and location of the four cases diagnosed in the U.S., we show that heightened concern about Ebola, as measured by online activity, led to a lower vote share for the Democrats in congressional and gubernatorial elections, as well as lower turnout, despite no evidence of a general anti-incumbent effect (including on President Obama's approval ratings). We then show that politicians responded to the Ebola scare by mentioning the disease in connection with immigration and terrorism in newsletters and campaign ads. This response came only from Republicans, especially those facing competitive races, suggesting a strategic use of the issue in conjunction with topics perceived as favorable to them. Survey evidence suggests that voters responded with increasingly conservative attitudes on immigration but not on other ideologically-charged issues. Taken together, our findings indicate that emotional reactions associated with fear can have a strong electoral impact, that politicians perceive and act strategically in response to this, and that the process is mediated by issues that can be plausibly associated with the specific fear-triggering factor.

Suggested Citation

Campante, Filipe and Depetris-Chauvin, Emilio and Durante, Ruben, The Virus of Fear: The Political Impact of Ebola in the U.S (March 2020). NBER Working Paper No. w26897, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3563965

Filipe Campante (Contact Author)

Johns Hopkins University ( email )

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

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Emilio Depetris-Chauvin

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile ( email )

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Chile

HOME PAGE: http://https://sites.google.com/site/emiliodepetrischauvin/home

Ruben Durante

National University Singapore ( email )

HOME PAGE: http://www.rubendurante.net

Barcelona School of Economics ( email )

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Barcelona, 08005
Spain

IZA ( email )

CESifo (Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute) ( email )

Poschinger Str. 5
Munich, DE-81679
Germany

Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) ( email )

London
United Kingdom

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