Conflict Avoidance in Constitutional Law

56 Pages Posted: 28 Apr 2020 Last revised: 15 Oct 2022

See all articles by Charles L. Barzun

Charles L. Barzun

University of Virginia School of Law

Michael D. Gilbert

University of Virginia School of Law

Date Written: April 27, 2020

Abstract

Hard cases present a dilemma at the heart of constitutional law. Courts have a duty to decide them—to vindicate rights, to clarify law—but doing so leads to errors (judges do not know the “right answer”) and strains the credibility of courts as impartial decision makers. Theories of constitutional adjudication tend to embrace one horn of this dilemma. We explore a principle for deciding hard cases that appreciates both. We argue that courts should decide hard cases against the party who could have more easily avoided the conflict in the first place. This is the conflict-avoidance principle. The principle builds on and systematizes “least cost avoidance” in private law and myriad constitutional doctrines. We apply the principle to several cases, generating insights into discrimination, affirmative action, religion, and so on. The principle represents a form of common-law constitutionalism, and it reveals connections between rights, markets, and State power. It also invites objections, to which we respond. Conflict avoidance is not “value-neutral,” and it cannot resolve every hard case. But it can resolve many in a practical way.

Keywords: constitutional law, constitutional conflicts, value conflicts, rights conflicts, dispute resolution, hard cases, least cost avoidance, constitutional law and economics

Suggested Citation

Barzun, Charles L. and Gilbert, Michael, Conflict Avoidance in Constitutional Law (April 27, 2020). 107 Virginia Law Review 1 (2021), Virginia Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper No. 2020-37, Virginia Law and Economics Research Paper No. 2020-06, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3586834

Charles L. Barzun (Contact Author)

University of Virginia School of Law ( email )

580 Massie Road
Charlottesville, VA 22903
United States
434-924-6454 (Phone)

Michael Gilbert

University of Virginia School of Law ( email )

580 Massie Road
Charlottesville, VA 22903
United States

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