The Third Nature of Homo Sapiens — Philosophical Framework Under the Paradigm of Natural Science

Abstract

Book Abstract of " The Third Nature of Homo sapiens - Philosophical Framework under the Paradigm of Natural Science"
Chinese Second Edition ISBN: 978—1—7923—3433—7
Email: [e-mail] , [e-mail] , [e-mail]
Xihao Yuan & Haidan Yuan

（Note：The original text is in Chinese. As there may be some mistakes in the non professional translation, please refer to the Chinese in the later part.）


《智人第三本性—自然科学范式下的哲学框架》书籍简介
袁西浩 袁海丹

We believe that the following important items may be identified for the first time in the history of philosophy. We sincerely hope and thank you very much for your criticism.

Our book " The Third Nature of Homo sapiens - Philosophical Framework under the Paradigm of Natural Science" is based on Hawking's assertion that philosophy is dead, that is, the cosmology of philosophy has been completely taken over by natural scientists; it is also based on Edward Wilson's prediction that a new philosophical system can be produced on the basis of biology, brain science, anthropology and other disciplines; Therefore, our so-called philosophy is only about human philosophy; This philosophical framework about human is completely constructed under the paradigm of natural science.

1、 The three cornerstones of our philosophical system all come from the discovery and observation of natural science：

The first cornerstone：Cross the border: Define the insurmountable GAP between Homo sapiens and animals, beginning with partially breaking the control of the ecosystem since 70 thousand years ago, and end with partially breaking the control of the genetic mechanism 12 thousand years ago; This is a fact in the evolution of Homo sapiens, which is one of the ultimate questions about philosophy, that is, where do we come from?

The second cornerstone：In addition to survival and reproduction, Homo sapiens has evolved a third nature. It is that our brain nature shows many aspects: insatiable pursuit, always curious, always searching for knowledge, eager for all wisdom, full of innovation power; more controlled by secondary rewards, and even regarded some extremely abstract concepts such as ideology as incentives; only based on perception to explain and hypothesis, establish order, ……changeable value; conscious reflection can even question and adjust the automatic homeostasis, and set the social and cultural homeostasis higher than the ideal range needed for survival. At least 10 aspects, these findings come from the scientific conclusions of famous brain scientists: Gerald M. Edelman，Michael S. Gazzaniga，Antonio Damasio，Daniel Bor，Patricia Churchland，Vilayanur Ramachandran，David M. Eagleman，Stanislas Dehaene，and so on. The nature of human existence is the default premise of all psychology, which is the third nature of Homo sapiens. This involves another philosophical ultimate question: who are we? What is Kant's so-called human being?

The third cornerstone: The cultural cloud is generated by the recognized gene cultural co evolution mechanism. We believe that the main driving force of this mechanism since about 80000 years ago is the third nature of Homo sapiens, rather than the cultural driving force of the previous two million years. Cultural cloud is the third foundation found in this book. It is a self-evident fact that human culture has gradually formed a cultural cloud since it crossed the border.

2、Based on the three natures and three cornerstones of Homo sapiens, it is judged that Homo sapiens and Culture Co evolve under the drive of the third nature, thus crossing the boundary; the three natures of the Homo sapiens, namely, the nature of survival, the nature of reproduction and the third nature, are shown as the biological nature of the Homo sapiens; the cross-border Homo sapiens are shown as the superposition of the biological nature and the cultural nature, and each individual of the Homo sapiens is shown as the concrete superposition state under the effect of its superposition. The superposed state is a dynamic state; the superposed human and cultural interaction produces cultural cloud phenomenon; the formation mechanism of cultural cloud is blind mechanism; The superposed human and cultural cloud interaction becomes the driving force of history and forms history; The main driving force behind the two cornerstones of human cross-border and cultural cloud is the third nature of Homo sapiens. This is the conceptual framework of philosophy established under the paradigm of natural science, which can be called the philosophical framework of the third nature of intelligent human for short.

3、In the interaction between the third nature and the cultural cloud, Homo sapiens gradually have the potential ability to act arbitrarily under the laws of physics. The negative consequences of these abilities on the biosphere and our own species are increasingly apparent. Homo sapiens already knows this. To be or not to be, Homo sapiens must make their own choice；If we choose to survive, we must make corresponding rules，which is the basis of all human ethics.

4、Although transgressive humans have partially broken through the rules of ecosystems and genetic mechanisms, but human beings are still unable to survive without ecosystem and genetic mechanism. In order to survive harmoniously in the biosphere, human beings must rationally formulate and follow a set of scientific "ethical rules". Kant called it "categorical imperative". This is a rule derived from the rule. Thus, whether we can deduce "should" from facts, that is, whether we can deduce "should" from "reality", a well-known and difficult philosophical problem, has been dispelled in terms of ethics;

5、The proposition of free will may have neither scientific basis nor philosophical significance; Since we have partially broken through the "control of ecosystem and genetic mechanism" due to the superposition of Homo sapiens and cultural interaction in the process of crossing the border, our will has become the will under the superposition state, and we gradually have the potential ability to act arbitrarily under the laws of physics, which does not come from the "free will", so we do not need to interpret it as free will, nor There is no need to assume a free will as the basis of ethics;

6、The problem of good and evil can be scientifically defined: according to the conceptual framework of the philosophy of the third nature, it can be clearly concluded that the lower limit of good can be defined, and the supreme good can be regarded as the pursuit of human beauty; the lower limit of the definition of good should be respectively targeted at the biosphere, the species of Homo sapiens, the survival and reproduction nature of Homo sapiens, the third nature of Homo sapiens, the super power and the intelligence circle;

7、With the scientific definition of the problem of good and evil, the definition of meta ethics can be solved smoothly; On this basis, we can smoothly enter into various fields of ethics; This is also to solve another ultimate philosophical problem proposed by Kant, that is, what should I do?

8、The survival law of human beings after crossing the boundary: the goal is to form a sustainable organic whole from Homo sapiens, Homo sapiens groups, Homo sapiens species, all kinds of super forces, the intelligent circle and the biosphere. At least, we should avoid the premature extinction of our Homo sapiens species in the normal species cycle. This is another ultimate philosophical question, that is, where are we going? It's also about what Kant said what I can hope for?

9、Common philosophical issues such as fairness and justice, freedom and equality, truth, aesthetics，the fallacy of social Darwinism and so on can be discussed and questioned in the framework of the third nature philosophy of Homo sapiens; For example, social Darwinism mechanically moves Darwinism, which is suitable for the pre transgression human society, to the post transgression human society, which is obviously a fallacy of applying rules, so it is wrong. Another example: The origin of aesthetics is our three natures, and the driving force is the third nature. This is the foundation of aesthetics.

10、The most difficult thing we human beings want to solve is transcendence，or the so-called ultimate concern in Philosophy. If we all want to form a relatively stable and harmonious organic whole among the biosphere, the intelligent sphere, ourselves, our ethnic groups, our species and various super powers, then according to the third nature philosophy framework, the goal of never-ending pursuit of harmony from the individual to the biosphere is the most realistic and great transcendence; This transcendence can be pursued by everyone, and can make contributions; this transcendence not only shows the side that can be realized, but also is always in the process of perfection and perfection, which is the eternal lofty pursuit and ultimate concern of all mankind.

According to Darwin's theory, we are evolved from animals to Homo sapiens. So, no matter how different our society and culture are from other animals, we and our society and culture are still the products of nature，not a supernatural one. Since it is the product of nature, it must be able to find a research method of philosophical proposition under the paradigm of natural science. It is wrong to say that science does not think. Just as scientific research has proved, the evolution of human brain is mainly to adapt to survival and reproduction, and the personal speculative path in philosophy is easy to go in the wrong direction. On the contrary, science leads us to think in the right way. Just as psychology has become a science today, it is inevitable that philosophy will become a science. The cosmology of philosophy is completely taken over by natural scientists, which is just in line with the main direction of the pre-Socratic philosophers. Philosophy focuses on the study of human being, which is also in line with Socrates' philosophy purport, while Plato and Aristotle's philosophy roots from formal science and natural science. After more than two thousand years of annotation of Plato's philosophy by philosophy, the trend of scientism philosophy has flourished. It has been nearly two hundred years since Comte, and the camps are crisscrossed and the doctrines are numerous. So far, no school has been fully integrated into the paradigm of natural science.

To study of philosophy problems under the paradigm of natural science can make it conform to the axiomatic hypothesis as the basis of Science: there is an objective fact, which can be shared by all rational observers; the objective fact is determined by the natural law (Law); These laws of nature can be discovered through systematic observation and experiment. Then, scientists and philosophers will easily reach an agreement on the core events of truth in the field of philosophy, so that philosophy will be able to compare with the progress of mathematics and experimental science, and philosophy will enter "the physical world is orderly and understandable". Therefore, it can be expected that a new era of philosophy will come.

If this is the case, then the pre paradigm era of philosophy, which has been dominated by personal speculation for more than two thousand years, will come to an end. There will be as many opinions or philosophies as there are philosophers, and the situation will come to an end. Therefore, philosophy became a science under the paradigm of natural science for the first time. In this way, scientists and philosophers from all over the world can study philosophy together under this paradigm and easily reach an agreement on major issues of philosophy. Then the Newtonian era of philosophy or the Darwinian era of philosophy will begin. With the development of natural science and the scale of global scholarship, we estimate that it is possible to build a "building of classical philosophy" in the next 20 years. Just as Lord Kelvin announced in 1900 that the "building of classical physics" had been completed. Only in this way can mankind easily reach an agreement on major global issues. As for the "quantum age" of philosophy, it will start in the future based on this "the edifice of classical philosophy".

It's about the fundamental problems of philosophy and the urgent problems in today's world. We sincerely hope and thank you very much for your criticism.






《智人第三本性—自然科学范式下的哲学框架》书籍简介
中文第二版 ISBN: 978—1—7923—3433—7
Tel:[phone] Email: [e-mail]
袁西浩 袁海丹

我们认为下列各个重要项目的被认定有可能在整个哲学史上多为首次。热切希望您能够对我们提出批评。

我们的书籍《智人第三本性—自然科学范式下的哲学框架》是基于霍金关于哲学死了的断言，即哲学之宇宙论已经完全被自然科学家接手；也是基于爱德华·威尔逊关于在生物学、脑科学、人类学等等学科的基础上可以产生全新哲学体系的预言；因此我们所谓的哲学仅仅是关于人的哲学；是完全在自然科学范式下构建的关于人的哲学框架：

1、我们构建哲学体系的三大基石全部来自于自然科学的发现和观察：

第一基石，智人与动物之间的鸿沟——越界，越界开始于智人6~7万年前部分突破生态系统的节制，结束于1.2万年前部分突破遗传机制的控制；这是智人演化史上的事实。这是关于哲学的终极问题之一，即我们从哪里来？

第二基石，除了生存本性和繁衍本性而外，智人还演化出了第三本性，即大脑性质表现出永不满足的追求、好奇和求知，渴求一切智慧；更多地受二级奖励控制；仅仅根据知觉来解释和假设；……设定高于生存所需的理想范围的社会文化内稳态等等至少10个方面的性质，这些发现来自于著名脑科学家们的科学结论，他们是：Gerald M. Edelman，Michael S. Gazzaniga，Antonio Damasio，Daniel Bor，Patricia Churchland，Vilayanur Ramachandran，David M. Eagleman，Stanislas Dehaene，等等。 人类存在本性是所有心理学的默认前提，这个本性就是智人第三本性。这涉及到另一个哲学的终极问题，即我们是谁？也即康德所谓人是什么？

第三基石，文化云是在公认的基因——文化协同进化机制中产生的，我们认为大约8万年以来这个机制的主要驱动力是智人第三本性，而不是之前两百多万年的文化驱动机制。文化云是我们找到的第三个基石。人类文化自越界开始逐步形成的文化云是自明的事实；

2、智人第三本性哲学框架，是在自然科学范式下建立的哲学概念框架：从智人三大本性和三大基石出发，判断出智人在第三本性的驱动下与文化协同进化从而越界；智人三大本性即生存本性、繁衍本性、第三本性表现为智人的生物性；越界的智人表现为生物性和文化的叠加性，每一个智人个体在其叠加性的作用下表现为具体的叠加态，叠加态是一个动态的状态；叠加性的人类和文化互动产生文化云现象；文化云的形成机制是盲目机制；叠加性的人类和文化云互动成为历史的推动力并形成历史；人类越界和文化云这两大基石背后的主要驱动力是智人第三本性；

3、智人越界后在第三本性和文化云的互动中逐渐有了在物理定律下任意行为的潜在能力，这些能力不断产生的恶，其对生物圈和我们自身物种的负面后果亦日益显现。智人对此业已心知肚明，生存还是毁灭，智人必须自己做出选择，选择生存则必须制定相应的规则，这就是人类一切伦理的依据；

4、尽管越界后人类部分地突破了生态系统和遗传机制的规则，但是人类仍然不能脱离生态系统和遗传机制生存。因此，人类必须理性地制定并遵循一套科学的“伦理规则”以适应越界后的人类社会。康德称其为“绝对命令（categorical imperative）”。这是从规则派生出或推导出规则。从而，能否从事实推出“应该”，即由“实然”能否推出“应然”，这个众所周知且难以解决的重大哲学问题在伦理学问题上就此被消解了；

5、自由意志命题可能既无科学依据也无哲学意义：既然我们“部分地突破了生态系统和遗传机制的控制”是由于智人叠加性和文化互动在越界的过程中产生的，我们的意志是叠加态下的意志，我们逐渐有了在物理定律下任意行为的潜在能力，这种能力并非来自于“自由意志”，因此既不需要解释为自由意志，也不需要假设一个自由意志作为伦理道德的根据；

6、善恶问题是可以科学定义的：根据第三本性哲学概念框架，可以很清晰地得出结论即善的下限是可以定义的，至善可以作为人类美好的追求；定义善的下限应该分别针对生物圈、智人物种、智人生存本性和繁衍本性、智人第三本性、超级力量、智能圈六个层面；

7、由善恶问题的科学定义，元伦理学层面的定义即可顺利解决；并以此为基础可以顺利进入各个领域的伦理学；这是关于康德提出的另一个重大哲学问题，即我应当做什么？

8、人类越界后生存法则：目标是使从智人个体、智人族群、智人物种、各种超级力量、智能圈一直到生物圈能够形成一个可持续的有机整体，至少应该避免我们智人物种在正常的物种周期内过早灭绝；这是另一个哲学的终极问题，即我们要到哪里去？事关康德所谓我可以希望什么？

9、常见的哲学命题诸如公平和正义、自由和平等、真理、美学、社会达尔文主义谬误等等都能够进入智人第三本性哲学框架进行科学的讨论和追问；例如：社会达尔文主义把适合于越界前人类社会的达尔文学说机械地搬到越界后的人类社会，这显然是适用规则谬误，因此是错误的。再例如：美学的本源是我们的三个本性，推动力是第三本性；这是美学的根基。

10、我们人类最为渴求最难以解决的是超越性，或者说是终极关怀问题，根据第三本性哲学框架，如果我们大家都希望生物圈、智能圈、我们自己、我们的族群、我们这个物种和形形色色的超级力量之间能够形成相对稳定而和谐的有机整体，那么追求从个人到生物圈万物和谐这个目标不失为最为现实最为伟大的超越性；这个超越性人人都可以追求，人人都可以做出贡献；这个超越性既有可以实现的一面，又永远处于完善的过程之中，是全人类永无止境的崇高追求和终极关怀。

根据达尔文的学说，我们是动物演化而来，是人科动物智人。那么，无论我们的社会和文化与其它动物有多大的区别，我们和我们的社会及文化仍然是大自然的产物而不是超自然的产物。既然是大自然的产物，就一定能够在自然科学的范式下找到哲学命题的研究方法。“科学不思考”这类说法是错误的。恰如科学研究业已证明，人类大脑演化以适应生存和繁衍为主，而哲学上的个人思辨路径很容易往错误的方向前进。恰恰相反，科学会引导我们沿着正确路径去思考。正如今天的心理学已经成为一门科学一样，哲学成为一门科学将会是势所必然。哲学之宇宙论完全被自然科学家接手也恰好符合前苏格拉底哲学家们的主要努力方向。哲学之人论亦符合苏格拉底的哲学旨趣；而柏拉图和亚里士多德的哲学根基则始于形式科学和自然科学。西方哲学在为柏拉图哲学进行了两千多年的诠释之后，科学主义哲学思潮勃发，自孔德以降已近两百年，阵营交错而主义纷繁，至今未见全面融入自然科学范式之下者。

在自然科学范式下研究哲学问题可以使其符合作为科学基础的公理化假设：存在一个客观事实，所有理性的观测者都能共享；这个客观事实是由自然法则（定律）决定的；这些自然法则（定律）能通过系统性的观测和实验而被发现。那么，科学家们和哲学家们在哲学领域中就真理的核心事件必将容易达成一致，这样哲学就一定能够比肩数学和实验科学取得的进步，哲学从此进入“物理世界是有序的和可理解的”。因此可以预料，哲学的新时代必将到来。

如果是这样，那么哲学两千多年来以个人思辨为主的前范式时代即可结束，有多少哲学家就有多少种意见或多少种哲学的局面亦将终结。哲学从而首次全面进入自然科学的范式下成为一门科学。这样，世界各地的科学家和哲学家就能够在此范式下共同进行哲学研究并且容易就哲学的重大问题达成一致。那么哲学的牛顿时代或者说哲学的达尔文时代就将开始。以当今自然科学的进展和全球的治学规模，我们估计完全可能在今后二十年内建成“经典哲学的大厦”，正如1900年开尔文勋爵宣布“经典物理学的大厦”已经建成一样。这样，人类方才容易就全球性重大问题达成一致。至于哲学的“量子时代”会在其后展开。

事关哲学的根本问题，事关当今世界亟待解决的问题，我们热切希望并将非常感谢您能够对我们提出批评。

Keywords: Third Nature of Homo sapiens，Philosophical Framework，Paradigm of Natural Science