Criminological Reflections on the Regulation and Governance of Labor Exploitation

Abstract

The regulation and governance of labor exploitation is a well-researched area across numerous disciplines. Common approaches towards regulating labor exploitation in businesses and supply chains include state interventions to tackle organised crime via the criminal justice system. However, due to strict criminal-legal definitions, these interventions are only possible when targeting severe exploitation. This emphasis means that a large amount of non-criminalized exploitation risks being overlooked. The purpose of this paper is to argue that non-state regulation is an important element in preventing routinized forms of labor exploitation, whereby a criminological perspective would help to understand and better prevent such practices. The paper examines state regulation, self-regulation of businesses, and trade union activity, which together addresses a wider range of labor exploitation. Semi-structured interviews from workers and supply chain stakeholders in the UK agri-food industry are used to inform this discussion. The governance of labor exploitation in relation to business activities has broader implications for the disciplinary areas of regulation and (corporate) criminology, whereby the former tends to prioritize restorative and persuasive approaches, whereas the latter focuses on deterrence and coercion. Ultimately, drawing together different strands of regulation into a hybrid approach is useful not only due to socio-political processes, but is arguably the most helpful in addressing routinized exploitation.

Keywords: corporate crime, governance, labor exploitation, regulation, supply chains