Governing ID: Principles of Evaluation

Abstract

As governments across the globe implement new and foundational digital identification systems (Digital ID), or modernize existing ID programs, there is an urgent need for more research and discussion about appropriate uses of Digital ID systems. Using examples from India, Kenya, Estonia, and Jamaica, this framework provides tests, which can be used to evaluate the governance of Digital ID across jurisdictions, as well as determine whether a particular use of Digital ID is legitimate. Through three kinds of checks - Rule of Law tests, Rights based tests, and Risks based tests - this scheme is a ready guide for evaluation of Digital ID.

Keywords: digital identity, Aadhaar, Huduma, Huduma Namba, good governance, regulatory theory, welfare, biometric, Kenya, India, Estonia, authentication, rule of law, rights, risk

JEL Classification: K1, Z18, I3, I31, I38