A Web of Paradoxes: Empirical Evidence on Online Platform Users and Implications for Competition and Regulation in Digital Markets

16 (2) Virginia Law and Business Review 217 (2022)

76 Pages Posted: 28 Apr 2021 Last revised: 26 Nov 2024

See all articles by Pinar Akman

Pinar Akman

School of Law, University of Leeds

Date Written: March 29, 2021

Abstract

This article presents and analyses the results of a large-scale empirical study in which over 11,000 consumers from ten countries in five continents were surveyed about their use, perceptions and understanding of online platform services. To the author’s knowledge, this is the first cross-continental, multi-platform empirical study of users of online platform services of its kind. Amongst others, the study probed platform users about their multi-homing and switching behaviour; engagement with defaults; perceptions of quality, choice, and well-being; attitudes towards targeted advertising; understanding of basic platform operations and business models; and, valuations of “free” platform services. The empirical evidence from the consumer demand side of some of the most popular multi-sided platforms reveals a web of paradoxes that needs to be navigated by policymakers and legislatures to reach evidence-led solutions for better-functioning and more competitive digital markets. This article contributes to literature and policy by, first, providing a multitude of novel empirical findings and, second, analysing those findings and their policy implications, particularly regarding competition and regulation in digital markets. These contributions can inform policies, regulation, and enforcement choices in digital markets that involve services used daily by billions of consumers and are subjected to intense scrutiny, globally.



Keywords: online platforms, antitrust, competition, market power, big tech, technology, empirical evidence, online platform users, regulation, digital markets, digitalisation

JEL Classification: K20, K21, K33, K23, L12, L13, L4, L5, L41, L43, L86, L96

Suggested Citation

Akman, Pinar, A Web of Paradoxes: Empirical Evidence on Online Platform Users and Implications for Competition and Regulation in Digital Markets (March 29, 2021). 16 (2) Virginia Law and Business Review 217 (2022), Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3835280 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3835280

Pinar Akman (Contact Author)

School of Law, University of Leeds ( email )

Leeds, LS2 9JT
United Kingdom

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