Explaining the Income and Consumption Effects of Covid in India

39 Pages Posted: 21 Jun 2021 Last revised: 23 Jan 2025

See all articles by Arpit Gupta

Arpit Gupta

NYU Stern School of Business

Anup Malani

University of Chicago - Law School; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER); University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine; Resources for the Future

Bartosz Woda

University of Chicago - Law School

Multiple version iconThere are 2 versions of this paper

Date Written: June 2021

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic led to stark reductions in economic activity in India. We employ CMIE's Consumer Pyramids Household Survey to examine the timing, distribution, and mechanism of the impacts from this shock on income and consumption through December 2020. First, we estimate large and heterogeneous drops in income, with ambiguous effects on inequality. While incomes of salaried workers fell 35%; incomes of daily laborers fell 75%. At the same time, we observe that income fell more for individuals from households in the highest income quartile. Second, we document an increase in effort to buffer income shocks by switching occupations. We employ a Roy Model to estimate the gains from occupation churn and find, surprisingly, that reservation wages fell, implying that the risk of COVID did not reduce the value of employment. Third, we find that consumption fell less than income, suggesting households were able to smooth the idiosyncratic components of the COVID shock as well as they did before COVID. Finally, consumption of food and fuel fell less than consumption of durables such as clothing and appliances. Following Costa (2001) and Hamilton (2001), we estimate Engel curves and find that changes in consumption reflect large price shocks (rather than a retreat to subsistence) in sectors other than food and fuel/power. In the food sector, it appear that lockdown successfully distinguished essential and non-essential services, at least to the extent that it did not increase the relative price of food. There is some suggestive evidence that the price shocks outside the food sector were larger in places with greater COVID-19 cases, even during the lockdown.

Suggested Citation

Gupta, Arpit and Malani, Anup and Woda, Bartosz, Explaining the Income and Consumption Effects of Covid in India (June 2021). NBER Working Paper No. w28935, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3870937

Arpit Gupta (Contact Author)

NYU Stern School of Business ( email )

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Anup Malani

University of Chicago - Law School ( email )

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National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

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University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine

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Resources for the Future

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Bartosz Woda

University of Chicago - Law School ( email )

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Chicago, IL 60637
United States

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