'I Quit': Schedule Volatility as a Driver of Voluntary Employee Turnover

Manufacturing & Service Operations Management

49 Pages Posted: 27 Aug 2021 Last revised: 14 Feb 2023

See all articles by Alon Bergman

Alon Bergman

University of Pennsylvania - The Wharton School; University of Pennsylvania - Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics

Guy David

The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania - Health Care Management

Hummy Song

University of Pennsylvania - The Wharton School

Date Written: February 13, 2023

Abstract

Problem definition: Employers across many sectors of the economy have been fast to adopt variable work scheduling policies. The cost of this flexibility for employers is usually borne by employees, for whom unstable work schedules create several disruptions. In the context of home health care, we examine how employer-driven volatility in nurses’ schedules impacts their decision to voluntarily leave their job.

Methodology/results: Using an instrumental variables approach, we causally identify the effect of schedule volatility on nurses’ voluntary turnover. We begin by constructing an operational measure of schedule volatility using time-stamped work log data from one of the largest home health agencies in the United States. Because this measure may be endogenous to the worker’s decision to quit, we instrument for schedule volatility using paid days off taken by other nurses in the same branch. We find that higher levels of schedule volatility substantially increase a worker’s likelihood of quitting. Specifically, a one standard deviation increase in schedule volatility increases the average worker’s propensity to quit on a given day by more than three-fold. Translated into yearly terms, 30 days of high schedule volatility over the course of the year increases the average worker’s probability of quitting that year by 20%. Our policy simulations of counterfactual scheduling policies suggest that excess schedule volatility can explain a significant portion of voluntary turnover, and some interventions have the potential to substantially reduce workers’ daily propensity to quit.

Managerial implications: This work contributes to the understanding of the extent to which employees value control over their own work schedules and are averse to volatile work schedules that are dictated by employers. Especially in the current environment where there is a growing emphasis on work-life balance and employee-driven flexibility, finding a way to support stable schedules could be important for employers to attract and retain workers.

Keywords: labor scheduling, inconsistent work schedules, employee turnover, work-life balance

JEL Classification: J22, J63, I11

Suggested Citation

Bergman, Alon and David, Guy and Song, Hummy, 'I Quit': Schedule Volatility as a Driver of Voluntary Employee Turnover (February 13, 2023). Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3910077 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3910077

Alon Bergman

University of Pennsylvania - The Wharton School ( email )

3641 Locust Walk
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6365
United States

University of Pennsylvania - Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics ( email )

Philadelphia, PA
United States

Guy David

The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania - Health Care Management ( email )

3641 Locust Walk
Colonial Penn Center
Philadelphia, PA 19104-6358
United States

HOME PAGE: http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/faculty/david.html

Hummy Song (Contact Author)

University of Pennsylvania - The Wharton School ( email )

3730 Walnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19104
United States

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