A Paper Origami-Based Micro-Total Electrochemical Immunoassay (Μtei) for the Detection of Total Malachite Green in Aquatic Products
22 Pages Posted: 22 Mar 2022
Abstract
Malachite green (MG) and its metabolite leucomalachite green (LMG) are aquaculture banned drugs whose rapid detection is required yet hindered by the use of expensive instruments as well as the tedious pretreatment procedures of aquatic samples. An integrated workflow for total MG (MG and LMG) analysis in aquatic samples is reported combining a deep eutectic solvent (DES) as extractant and a paper origami-based micro-total electrochemical immunoassay (μTEI). DES (mixture of glycine betaine and ethylene glycol) enables to extract MG and LMG with high efficiency from tissue samples and allows grease for separation. The μTEI is compartmentalized simply by manual folding to implement multiple analytical steps, including impurity removal, LMG oxidation, MG enrichment, and electrochemical analysis, in a programmable manner. The entire workflow can be accomplished within 1.5 h, with a wide linear range of 0.5-100 ppb, a low limit of detection of 0.07 ppb, and a high recovery rate of 78.9-97.6%. The μTEI offers a solution for the rapid accurate monitoring of total MG in aquatic samples and is potentially available for other contaminants after proper modifications.
Keywords: paper-based micro-total analytical device, deep eutectic solvent, electrochemical immunoassay, total malachite green detection
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