Posthuman Rights Struggles and Environmentalisms from Below in the Political Ontologies of Ecuador and Colombia

Abstract

In a decolonial determination to resist the modern ontological separation of nature from culture, political ontologies and posthuman legalities in Andean Community countries increasingly recognize natural and cultural forces to be inextricably interrelated under the principle of the pluriverse. After years of Indigenous struggles, new social movement mobilizations and citizen activism, twenty-first century constitutional changes in the region have affirmed the plurinational and intercultural natures of the region's polities. Drawing upon extensive interdisciplinary ethnographic research in Ecuador and Colombia, the article illustrates how Indigenous, Afro-descendant and campesino communities express multi-species relations of care and conviviality in opposition to modern extractivist development through the concept of buen vivir. These grassroots collective life projects and life plans articulate rights 'from below' to support new practices of territorialization that further materialize natures' rights and community ideals. Although human rights have modern origins, the implementation of third generation collective biocultural rights to fulfill natures' rights may help to materially realize community norms, autonomies and responsibilities that exceed modern ontologies. The ecocentric territorial rights struggles and posthuman legalities we explore are examples of a larger emergent project of decolonizing human rights in a politics appropriate to the Anthropocene.

Keywords: political ontology, posthuman legalities, territorialization, rights of nature, biocultural rights, collective rights, Indigenous life projects, multispecies ethnography