Shared Mobility Services Towards Mobility as a Service (MaaS): What, Who and When?

Abstract

There is a growing popularity for shared mobility services. With their penetration in a city, a natural phenomenon is the mode shift from conventional modes. Therefore, there is a need for a model, which is capable of capturing this phenomenon. While most existing studies have developed mode choice models consisting of a single shared mobility service, only a few studies of two modes exist. Nevertheless, no study has focused on the development of a joint mode choice model for bike-sharing, car-sharing and ride-hailing services. Hence, the objective of this research is to develop a mode choice model, which is capable of capturing the demand for the aforementioned three services simultaneously. The estimation results show the influence of socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, education, household car-ownership and possession of public transport pass and license), trip-related variables (trip distance and travel time) and supply parameter (fleet size). Discussions are included for the integration of the developed mode choice model into the transport simulation systems. In addition, based on the influential factors, policy measures are suggested under the following categories: (i) Finance, (ii) Infrastructure, (iii) Campaigns and nudges, and (iv) Service design. Besides the policy measures, the probable demand segments for the three shared mobility services have been identified and summarised, with a focus to integrate them along with public transport for Mobility as a Service (MaaS). The contributions from this study can allow several cities to estimate more accurately the mode shares for the shared mobility services and also to promote sustainable usage of shared mobility services through MaaS platforms.

Keywords: Bike-sharing, Car-sharing, Ride-hailing, Shared mobility, Mobility as a Service (MaaS), Mode choice