Survival of the Biggest: Large Banks and Financial Crises

Abstract

This paper studies a newly compiled data set of annual balance sheets of more than 11,000 commercial banks across 17 advanced economies since 1870. The new data allow us to investigate banking industry structure and bank-level dynamics before, during, and after financial crises. We show that a country's largest banks (i.e., the top-5 by assets) typically gain market share in crises, as small banks fail more often or are absorbed, making the largest banks even more dominant after crises. This is despite the fact that the largest banks tend to take more risk before crises, suffer greater equity losses in crises, and contract their lending more. The survival and expansion of the largest banks, despite their greater losses during crises, appear linked both to substantially higher rates of government rescues and to the fact that their deposit flows are more insensitive to bank losses, compared to smaller banks. We find no evidence that large-bank-dominated systems have lower crisis frequency. Conditional on crises, large-bank-dominated systems see more severe economic outcomes.

Keywords: financial history, banking crises, financial regulation

JEL Classification: E02, E44, E51, E61, F44, G01, G18, G21