Standardizing and Unbundling the Sub Rosa DIP Loan

29 Pages Posted: 4 Jan 2023 Last revised: 27 Apr 2023

See all articles by Kenneth Ayotte

Kenneth Ayotte

University of California, Berkeley - School of Law

Alex Zhicheng Huang

University of California, Berkeley - School of Law

Date Written: March 23, 2023

Abstract

In many recent Chapter 11 cases, debtor-in-possession (DIP) loans determine reorganization plan payoffs at the outset of the case. Recent DIP loans are tied to plan terms including rights offerings, which give the DIP lender exclusive rights to purchase discounted equity in the reorganized company, and backstop fees, which pay the rights holder for committing to purchase them. Terms like these raise fears that DIP loan approval is being used to short circuit the Chapter 11 reorganization plan process–in bankruptcy parlance, that the DIP loan is a sub rosa plan. How should bankruptcy law manage this sub rosa DIP loan problem?

We argue that the problem is a common one affecting many types of pre-plan transactions that provide the estate with an asset (cash) but also fix the priority and/or payoff of liabilities. We argue that bankruptcy law uses a common set of tools to deal with these crossover transactions that simultaneously involve asset-side and liabilities-side effects. Where crossover is inherent to the transaction, the Bankruptcy Code standardizes the liabilities side effect to protect the interests of the other creditors. Where crossover is strategic, courts police transactions by unbundling liabilities side effects that are unnecessarily bundled into transactions involving the asset side.

We conduct a case study of the J.C. Penney bankruptcy to understand how a non-standard, bundled DIP loan transaction can be used strategically to distort priorities. In that case, a DIP loan tied to a restructuring support agreement allowed a majority group to prime a minority group, roll up
under secured debt, and control the allocation of payoffs in the case. We find that a standardized,
unbundled DIP loan would have required an interest rate of at least 545% to give the majority group the same payoff it received in the case. We argue that courts should revive and strengthen standardization and unbundling norms. This would better defend priorities by encouraging competition and increasing transparency of DIP loan terms.

Keywords: Bankruptcy, DIP, Sub Rosa Plan, Chapter 11, Creditor Control

JEL Classification: G33, K22

Suggested Citation

Ayotte, Kenneth and Huang, Alex Zhicheng, Standardizing and Unbundling the Sub Rosa DIP Loan (March 23, 2023). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4313279 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4313279

Kenneth Ayotte (Contact Author)

University of California, Berkeley - School of Law ( email )

215 Boalt Hall
Berkeley, CA 94720-7200
United States

Alex Zhicheng Huang

University of California, Berkeley - School of Law ( email )

215 Boalt Hall
Berkeley, CA 94720-7200
United States

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