A Heat Flux Sensor Leveraging the Transverse Seebeck Effect in Elemental Antimony

Abstract

Highlights• The transverse Seebeck effect was demonstrated in antimony single crystals• The antimony heat flux sensor has a linear response over the range of 0.06–7 W/cm2• The sensor was studied under uniform, localized and time-varying heating scenarios• The sensor has a responsivity of 16.8 μV/(W/cm2) and a time constant of 4.4 sec• The package design and its materials affect many aspects of the sensor performance

Keywords: Heat flux sensor, Thermoelectrics, transverse Seebeck effect, antimony, single crystal, anisotropy