The Conceptual Evolution of Poverty Alleviation through Labor Transfer in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region

Abstract

This paper argues that in China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, work placements of re-education detainees and Xinjiang’s implementation of the national Poverty Alleviation through Labor Transfer program for the transfer of rural surplus laborers operate under fundamentally different policies. Drawing on new documentary and witness evidence, it is argued that within Xinjiang’s unique context of frontier settler colonialism, its recent coercive labor transfer program evolved alongside decades-long efforts to facilitate surplus labor transfers throughout China. From 2014, when Beijing shifted the region's work focus towards de-extremification, Uyghur underemployment was framed as a matter of social stability and national security. Between 2017 and 2019, labor transfer coercion dramatically increased alongside campaigns of mass internment and of enforcing poverty alleviation work goals. Xinjiang’s shift in 2021 from a campaign-style mobilizational to an institutionalized approach deepens coercive risks of this often poorly understood coercive labor strategy.

Keywords: China, Xinjiang, Uyghurs, poverty alleviation, labor transfer, forced labor, Uyghur forced labor