Differential Growth is an Emergent Property of Mechanochemical Feedback Mechanisms in Curved Plant Organs

Abstract

Differential growth is central to eukaryotic morphogenesis. We showed using cellular imaging, simulations and perturbations that light induced differential growth in a curved organ, the Arabidopsis thaliana apical hook, emerges from longitudinal expansion of subepidermal cells acting in parallel with a differential in material properties of epidermal cell walls that resist expansion. The greater expansion of inner hook cells that results in apical hook opening is gated by wall alkalinity and auxin, both of which are depleted upon illumination. We further identified mechanochemical feedback from wall mechanics to light stimulated auxin depletion, which may contribute to gating hook opening under mechanical restraint. These results highlight how plant cells coordinate growth among tissue layers by linking mechanics and hormonal gradients with the cell wall remodeling required for differential growth.

Keywords: Mechanical forces, hormones, cell wall remodeling, plant morphogenesis, microtubule-cytoskeleton, differential growth, auxin, mechanochemical feedback, multiscale modeling