Biomarker-Based Screening Methods for Early Detection in Lung Cancer: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Review

Abstract

Background: Lung cancer remains a major global health concern with consistent high mortality rates, as the current screening method of a low dose CT beginning at age 50 is inadequate in detecting early lung cancer and produces a high rate of false positives. Even as various cancers have advanced in detection, lung cancer is lagging behind, emphasizing an urgent need for effective early detection methods. 

Methods: This review comprehensively analyzed 61 articles published in the past decade from PubMed, focusing on biomarker-based screening methods for early detection in lung cancer. Articles were selected based on specific criteria emphasizing clinical research relevance, geographic focus, comparison with international studies, and future research directions. The review utilized data on Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV), and other defining characteristics to assess the efficacy of various biomarkers.

Findings: Findings highlight the potential of several screening techniques under investigation, including Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), Combined Score (CS) Analysis, miRNAs, Isocitrate Dehydrogenase I (IDH1), Genome Methylation, Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA), and 68Ga-Alfatide II CT/PET Scan. Their efficacies, however, vary, with some offering high sensitivity and specificity while others remain in the nascent stages of their viability. The review also underlines racial disparities in lung cancer incidence and the prevalence of specific types like Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC) and adenocarcinoma.

Conclusion: Enhanced and optimized lung cancer screening methodologies are imperative for better patient outcomes. While current techniques under investigation display potential, further research and refinement are essential to achieve the desired efficacy.

Note:

Funding Information: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflict of Interests: The authors do not have any declaration of interest.

Keywords: lung cancer, Biomarkers, Thoracic Oncology, Screening methods, prognosis