Income and the Card Act's Ability-to-Pay Rule in the Us Credit Card Market

36 Pages Posted: 1 May 2024

See all articles by Scott Fulford

Scott Fulford

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau

Joanna Stavins

Federal Reserve Bank of Boston

Multiple version iconThere are 2 versions of this paper

Date Written: April 15, 2024

Abstract

In consumer credit, “ability-to-pay” (ATP) rules require lenders to consider whether the consumer can repay a loan without experiencing undue hardship. ATP rules have recently been implemented or considered in many countries and markets. Using a large panel of credit card accounts, we study the 2009 Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure (CARD) Act’s ATP rule and its effect, if any, on the US credit card market. We find that the rule appears to have had no effect on bank credit decisions because actual credit limits are almost always substantially lower than reasonable ATP limits. We examine other factors that may explain banks’ credit decisions. Nearly 27 percent of consumer accounts that had a change in cardholder income received a credit limit increase of $100 or more in the same month as the income change. Most credit limit increases followed an income increase, although 19 percent of the instances of an income decrease also were followed by a credit limit increase. Most credit limit increases occurred without cardholders providing banks with income updates. The magnitude of the income change coefficient when an income update occurred is estimated to be nearly zero. We conclude that after the origination of an account, the direction and size of the account holder’s income updates are largely unimportant for credit limit changes from either a regulatory or bank profitability standpoint.

Suggested Citation

Fulford, Scott and Stavins, Joanna, Income and the Card Act's Ability-to-Pay Rule in the Us Credit Card Market (April 15, 2024). Consumer Financial Protection Bureau Office of Research Working Paper No. 24-6, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4811774 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4811774

Scott Fulford

Consumer Financial Protection Bureau ( email )

United States

Joanna Stavins (Contact Author)

Federal Reserve Bank of Boston ( email )

600 Atlantic Avenue
Boston, MA 02210
United States
617-973-4217 (Phone)
617-973-4218 (Fax)

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