Compositional Chemical Property Analysis and Evaluation of Liquid Smoke Produced from Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Binary Mixtures of Oil Palm Solid Waste

14 Pages Posted: 6 Aug 2024

See all articles by Wahyu Meka

Wahyu Meka

Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology

Orchidea Rachmaniah

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Berlian Widi Bela Pamungkas

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Faisal Akbar

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Adidoyo Prakoso

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember

Latifa Hanum Lalasari

National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)

Sri Fitria Retnawaty

Universitas Muhammadiyah Riau

Shanti Faridah binti Salleh

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

Salman Masoudi Soltani

Brunel University London

Paul Fennell

Imperial College London

Abstract

Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of oil palm solid waste at 300°C and 400°C was conducted to examine synergistic effects on liquid smoke yields for binary mixtures and allow examination of the produced chemical compounds. Pyrolysis of mixtures of empty fruit bunches and kernel shells (EFB/KS) led to the highest yield, of almost 25% at 300°C for an EFB-to-KS ratio of 80:20, while the yields at 400°C remained relatively similar for any ratios. In contrast, the yields were minimal at around 4% for an EFB-to-mesocarp fibres (MF) ratio of 80:20 and 17% for an EFB-to-MF ratio of 50:50 at 300°C and 400°C, respectively, in EFB/MF pyrolysis. In EFB/fronds-trunks-leaves (FTL) pyrolysis, the yields were slightly higher at 400°C than at 300°C and relatively unchanged at any EFB-to-FTL ratios. For most liquid smoke, GC–MS analysis exhibited that phenolic compounds dominated the chemical compositions of the liquid smoke. Based on this finding, the optimal liquid smoke in terms of yield and phenolic compound percentages was from pure KS pyrolysis. This work successfully demonstrated the benefit of utilising microwaves and the synergistic effects of binary mixtures on yields and product distribution and improving the quality of the products.

Keywords: Pyrolysis, microwave, oil palm, liquid smoke, agricultural waste

Suggested Citation

Meka, Wahyu and Rachmaniah, Orchidea and Bela Pamungkas, Berlian Widi and Akbar, Faisal and Prakoso, Adidoyo and Lalasari, Latifa Hanum and Retnawaty, Sri Fitria and Salleh, Shanti Faridah binti and Masoudi Soltani, Salman and Fennell, Paul, Compositional Chemical Property Analysis and Evaluation of Liquid Smoke Produced from Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Binary Mixtures of Oil Palm Solid Waste. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4918288

Wahyu Meka

Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology ( email )

Jl. Teknik Kimia, Keputih, Kec. Sukolilo,
Kota SBY,
Jawa Timur, 60111
Indonesia

Orchidea Rachmaniah (Contact Author)

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember ( email )

Surabaya, 60111
Indonesia

Berlian Widi Bela Pamungkas

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember ( email )

Surabaya, 60111
Indonesia

Faisal Akbar

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember ( email )

Surabaya, 60111
Indonesia

Adidoyo Prakoso

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember ( email )

Surabaya, 60111
Indonesia

Latifa Hanum Lalasari

National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) ( email )

Tangerang Selatan, 15314
Indonesia

Sri Fitria Retnawaty

Universitas Muhammadiyah Riau ( email )

Jl. Tuanku Tambusai
Pekanbaru, IN
Indonesia

Shanti Faridah binti Salleh

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak ( email )

Institute of Biodiversity and Environmental
Conservation (IBEC)
Sarawak, 94300
Malaysia

Salman Masoudi Soltani

Brunel University London ( email )

Kingston Lane
Uxbridge, UB8 3PH
United Kingdom

Paul Fennell

Imperial College London ( email )

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