Morphometric Characteristics of Glacial Cirques and Former Glaciers in the Geyik Mountains, Western Taurus, Türkiye

Abstract

Using the GlaRe toolbox, reconstructions of former glaciers in the Geyik Mountains, part of the Taurus Mountain system in southern Türkiye, show that an area of 132.5 km2 was glaciated in the last major glaciation, which left clear terminal and hummocky moraines.  Glaciers were 1.4 to 12 km long and those from 49 cirques merged to form a broad 75 km2 piedmont glacier in the Namaras Valley, up to 400 m thick.  A thorough analysis of morphometry of the 98 Geyik cirques, using the revised ACME2 toolbox, shows that they are relatively small, with limited widths: the median length/width ratio of 1.29 is unusually high.  With size, length and width increase faster than depth, demonstrating strong static allometry.  Maximum slope averages 59°, minimum 3.3° and axial 25°.  A combination of low hypsometric integral, high axial profile closure and high axial height-length integral is proposed as a measure of cirque development. The main summits are on sharp ridges on cirque crests, showing that they have been lowered by the glacial buzzsaw.  Glaciation was strongly asymmetric, with cirque vector mean aspect between northeast and north-northeast.  This shows the dominance of solar radiation effects, with some modification from westerly winds.  Glacier palaeo-ELAs (pELAs) rise northeastwards and cirque floor minimum altitudes (CFAs) rise toward east-northeast, both showing the importance of moist air from the Mediterranean, 38-55 km to the southwest.  pELA averages 2208 m (2277 m area-weighted); CFA averages 2234 m.  CFA varies mainly with summit altitudes; where related palaeoglaciers are short CFA is somewhat below pELA, but for longer ones it is above.  The most likely palaeoclimate to form these glaciers involves a precipitation increase of 53-72% with a temperature fall of 8° compared to present-day.  Cirques form under similar or less severe conditions.

Keywords: Glacial cirques, Glacier reconstruction, Geomorphometry, Mountain glaciation, Geyik Mountains