Β-Cyclodextrin Polymers as a Sorbent for Solid-Phase Extraction of Anionic, Cationic, Zwitterionic, and Nonionic Xenobiotics in Urine

Abstract

In this study, we systematically assessed the performance of a newly developed solid-phase extraction (SPE) material, cellulose-supported aminated cyclodextrin polymer (Amine-β-CDP@Cellulose), for detecting 44 xenobiotics, including 19 pharmaceuticals, 7 plasticizers, and 18 perfluorochemicals in urine samples. We focused on optimizing the extraction protocol and understanding the adsorption and desorption mechanisms. Optimization revealed that Amine-β-CDP@Cellulose achieved recoveries of 80% to 120% for 28 of the 44 targeted xenobiotics, with only three showing recoveries below 50%. The material's superior performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of its structural components: abundant hydroxyl groups enhancing adsorption, the hydrophobic cyclodextrin cavity facilitating inclusion complexation, and charged functional groups from the cross-linking agent. A comparative analysis with commercially available HLB resins showed that Amine-β-CDP@Cellulose effectively reduced matrix interferences while maintaining comparable extraction efficiency. These findings suggest that Amine-β-CDP@Cellulose is a sustainable, cost-effective material for extracting xenobiotics from complex matrices.

Keywords: cyclodextrin polymer, urine, xenobiotics, solid-phase extraction