Responses of Fish Zeta Diversity (Ζ) to Human Pressure and Cumulative Effects: A Feasibility Study of Fishing Ban Measures in the Pearl River Basin

Abstract

Amid declining fish diversity and human pressures in freshwater ecosystems, robust basin-scale assessments are vital for effective fisheries management. This study collated nearly four decades of fishery yields from the Pearl and Yangtze Rivers to identify conservation priorities in the Pearl River Basin. It introduced a novel cumulative effect indicator based on zeta diversity—a biodiversity pattern metric—integrated with cumulative effects analysis for management decision-making. The research employed a multi-site generalized dissimilarity model to examine the non-linear relationships between fish species composition (ζn) and human pressures, environmental factors, and geospatial variations across elevation gradients. The cumulative effect indicator, reflecting responses to anthropogenic stress when assessing ζ2 (related to β-diversity), helped evaluate basins for conservation or restoration needs based on their unique or homogenized biotic communities. The results suggest that ζ diversity in low-elevation sub-basins has a stronger filtering effect on ζ by human pressures than in mid- to high-elevation sub-basins where community aggregation is more random. The impact varied with diversity aspects (nestedness vs. turnover) and zeta order. A negative correlation between cumulative effects and community uniqueness validated the novel cumulative effect indicator's effectiveness for guiding restoration in the Pearl River Delta, potential fishing bans, and karst conservation. This approach offers a theoretical basis for prioritizing areas for freshwater fish diversity conservation and fishing restrictions in the Pearl River Basin.

Keywords: zeta diversity, beta diversity, cumulative effects, freshwater fish, human pressures, the Pearl River Basin, Fishing ban measures