Dopamer: A Bioactive Polydopamine-Containing Glass-Ionomer Cement with Remineralizing and Antibacterial Properties

Abstract

Polydopamine (PDA) has been recently used to functionalize biomaterials, promoting biomimetic mineralization due to presence of catechol or amine groups with strong interaction with calcium and phosphate ions. Utilizing the unique properties of polydopamine, here a novel polydopamine (PDA)-containing glass-ionomer cement (Dopamer) was developed and characterized. The effects of incorporation of polydopamine on the mineralization, mechanical, and antibacterial properties of GIC were studied. Dopamer exhibited superior mechanical performance, including improved compressive strength, flexural strength, and microhardness, compared to commercially available materials, while demonstrating stronger adhesion to dentin. In vitro analyses confirmed in situ mineral formation and dentin remineralization capacity of Dopamer. Moreover, antibacterial tests showed significant inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilms, reducing the risk of recurrent caries. Biocompatibility assessments confirmed DPSC viability and differentiation, with Dopamer supporting dentinogenesis and mineralized tissue formation in vivo. Raman spectroscopy and SEM analysis verified mineral deposition at restorative interfaces, promoting long-term sealing. By combining enhanced mechanical strength, remineralization capacity, and antibacterial properties, Dopamer addresses critical limitations of existing glass-ionomer dental restorative materials, offering a bioactive, durable solution for restorative dentistry. This multifunctional material represents a promising advancement in dental restoration, supporting both clinical performance and long-term oral health.

Keywords: Dental materials, Polydopamine (PDA), Bioactivity, Remineralization, Antibacterial properties