Air Quality, Infant Mortality, and the Clean Air Act of 1970

63 Pages Posted: 1 Mar 2004

See all articles by Kenneth Y. Chay

Kenneth Y. Chay

University of California, Berkeley - Department of Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Michael Greenstone

University of Chicago - Department of Economics; Becker Friedman Institute for Economics; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)

Multiple version iconThere are 2 versions of this paper

Date Written: August 2003

Abstract

We examine the effects of total suspended particulates (TSPs) air pollution on infant health using the air quality improvements induced by the 1970 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). This legislation imposed strict regulations on industrial polluters in "nonattainment" counties with TSPs concentrations exceeding the federal ceiling. We use nonattainment status as an instrumental variable for TSPs changes to estimate their impact on infant mortality changes in the first year that the 1970 CAAA was in force.

TSPs nonattainment status is associated with sharp reductions in both TSPs pollution and infant mortality from 1971 to 1972. The greater reductions in nonattainment counties near the federal ceiling relative to the "attainment" counties narrowly below the ceiling suggest that the regulations are the cause.

We estimate that a one percent decline in TSPs results in a 0.5 percent decline in the infant mortality rate. Most of these effects are driven by a reduction in deaths occurring within one month of birth, suggesting that fetal exposure is a potential biological pathway. The results imply that roughly 1,300 fewer infants died in 1972 than would have in the absence of the Clean Air Act.

Keywords: air pollution, clean air act, infant mortality, environmental regulations, benefits of regulation

JEL Classification: I12, I16, Q25

Suggested Citation

Chay, Kenneth Y. and Greenstone, Michael, Air Quality, Infant Mortality, and the Clean Air Act of 1970 (August 2003). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=509182 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.509182

Kenneth Y. Chay (Contact Author)

University of California, Berkeley - Department of Economics ( email )

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Michael Greenstone

University of Chicago - Department of Economics ( email )

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Becker Friedman Institute for Economics ( email )

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