A Boil-Off Gas Control Scheme for Liquid Hydrogen Transportation in Smart Zero Carbon Emission Cities: Risk Assessment Framework and Release Control System

Abstract

Hydrogen energy is the key solution to create the zero-carbon smart cities for the development in pursuit of zero carbon emissions. Liquid hydrogen (LH2) transportation, valued for its high energy density and efficient storage potential, is ideal for realizing large volume hydrogen energy supply at city level. Smart and effective management of boil-off gas (BOG) release during LH2 transportation is crucial for ensuring safety, especially in densely populated urban areas. This study proposes a novel control scheme for LH2 BOG management to support the development of zero-carbon smart cities driven by hydrogen energy. The scheme integrates real-time risk assessment, proactive release control, and intelligent decision-making systems to ensure safety and efficiency in hydrogen transportation. Using a Fermatean fuzzy linguistic terms set and IoT-embedded monitoring, the framework dynamically evaluates environmental risks and operational conditions. Validated by a case study on a cross-regional hydrogen transport route, the scheme demonstrates its potential to enhance multi-energy system integration. The framework can also serve as a decision-support tool for policymakers in defining hydrogen storage and transportation safety standards, contributing to the decarbonization of urban infrastructure, aligning with the UN’s SDG 7.

Keywords: Zero-carbon Smart Cities, Liquid Hydrogen, Boil-off Gas, Risk Assessment, Proactive Release Control, Fermatean Fuzzy Set