Fire Dynamics and Tiger Conservation: Understanding the Impact of Fire Occurrences on Tiger Presence in the Terai Arc Landscape, Nepal

Abstract

The Terai Arc Landscape is a important region for tiger conservation, harboring significant tiger populations. However, this landscape faces increasing threats from fire disturbances that can degrade habitat quality and disrupt wildlife. This study investigates the ecological factors influencing fire occurrences (2018-2021) and tiger presence (2021/22) in Banke-Kamdi complex, a tiger recovery site in the Terai Arc Landscape. The results showed that the probability of fire occurrences is higher in areas farther from water bodies and roads, with steeper slopes and closer proximity to fire lines. Human-induced factors such as settlement and road distance are significant contributors to fire risk, while artificial waterholes act as buffers to reduce fire risks. The relationship between fire dynamics and tiger presence revealed a sequentially positive effect of fire density of low intensity on tiger presence, with log odds increasing in low, medium, and high fire density areas (1.05, 2.16, and 3.38, respectively). This suggests that fire disturbances may facilitate plant regeneration and increase prey availability for tigers. Furthermore, proximity to protected areas and gentler slopes were found to be positively associated with tiger presence, emphasizing the importance of undisturbed habitats with abundant prey. The study highlights the importance of integrated fire and habitat management strategies, including the construction of fire lines and waterholes in strategic locations, which not only support species conservation but also aid in controlling severe fire. Fire occurrences should be carefully monitored for its severity and intensity, as high-intensity fires can damage critical habitats and disrupt ecosystems. Future research should delve deeper into the dynamics of prey populations, vegetation structure, and fire management practices to optimize conservation strategies in the region.

Keywords: Ecological factor, fire dynamics, interaction model, tiger conservation, wildlife habitat